高中英语语法-冠词及其用法讲解.docx

第一讲冠词及用法讲解冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的 含义。英语中的冠词有三种：定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词。一、不定冠词：基本用法不定冠词用于单数可数名词之前，其中 a用于以辅音音素（辅音音素 24个/p/、/b/、/t/、 /d/、/m/、/I/、/”等，不是辅音字母）开始的词前。而 an是用于以元音音素（元音音素20个/i:/、IV、/e/、/au/ 等，不是元音字母 a, e, i, o, u）开始的词前。如：a university, a useful tool, a computer, an orange, an hour, an 800-meter bridge, 典型例句1、与可数名词单数连用，表示类别。-I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.-You shouldnt put drinks near a computer. （2006 年北京卷）2、泛指某人或某物，表示“某一个"，相当于a certain。-Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? （ 2006 年全国 I 卷）-Sorry, wrong number. There isnt a Mr. Smith here.3、用于数量、时间等名词前，表示“每一（单位）的”相当于peroI earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays. （2003 年上海卷）4、用于固定词组中。 a knowledge of , have a gift for , give sb. a ride , a couple of, have a good time , keep a diary , in a hurry , once in a while , at a loss, tell a lie , do sb. a favor o 二、定冠词的基本用法1、用来特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所所修饰。Of all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my fathers advice was the most important one. （2006 年辽宁卷）2、指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。Dont worry if you cant come to the party. Ill save some cake for you. （2006 年浙江卷）3、复述上文中提到的事物。There is a shelf in my fathers room. The shelf is new.4、用于单数可数名词之前，表示该类事物，相当于 aoWhen you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat. （2004年全国I卷）5、序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词the oThe cakes are delicious. Hed like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small. （2002 年上海春季卷）I want to chat with the taller of the two men.6、在表示方位、乐器的名词前。Summer in the south of France is for the most part dry and sunny.（2000 年W匕京春季卷）playthe piano, play the violin 7、用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家"。the Smiths8、表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。the sun , the moon , the earth , the world。9、用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及 某些建筑物等名称前。According to the World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the spread of AIDS. （2006 年全国 II 卷）After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson a ride to the Capital Airport. （2005 年安徽卷）10、在某些形容词之前，可表示某一类人。the rich , the poor, the old, the wounded, the living ,the deado三、不用冠词（零冠词）情况：1、人名、地名（街名、广场名、公园名）、大学名、国名、病名前。Wang Fu Jing Street, Pei Hai Park 北海公园，Beijing University 但也可说 the University of Beijing 。2、抽象名词表示一般概念时，一般不用冠词。When you finish reading the book, you will have a better understandingof life. （2004 年辽宁卷） 3、物质名词表示一般概念时，一般不用冠词。The warmth of the sweater will of course bedetermined by the sort of wool used. （2001 年全国卷）4、表示职位或头衔的抽象名词前，常不用冠词。但表示具体的人时，加the oWe will elect engineer Liu director of our factory.类似的名词还有：president, monitor,headmaster; mayor 等。5、表示季节、月份、星期几、节、假日等表示时间的名称前，不用冠词。但我国的阴历节 前要用the。Childrens Day , Womens Day, May Day the Spring Festival o6、三餐、学科名称、球类活动和棋类游戏的名称前，不用冠词。play basketball, play chesso27、man作"人类"讲时，同 human , mankind 一样不用冠词。While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made a discovery, which completely changed mans understanding of color. （2004 年广东卷）8、by与表示"通信、交通”的词连用，表示通信，交通手段时，不用冠词。If you go by train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get a fast one. （2005 年全国 III 卷）9、复数名词前不用冠词泛指类别。It is often said that teachers have a very easy life. （2005 年W匕京卷）10、有些名词与介词搭配表示抽象意义，不加冠词，常作状语。His daughter is always shy in public and she never dares to make a speech to the public. （2001 年上海卷） in surprise/wonder/danger/tears/comfort, in love with , under pressure, beyond expression 等。典例精析：1. walk is expected to last all day, so bring packed lunch. （2007 年山东卷）A. A ; a B. The； 不填 C. The； a D. A; 不填解析：the walk是指大家心中都明白的walk ,因此用定冠词特指；a packed lunch是泛指，指一份盒饭。答案：C。2. -Could you tell me the way to Johnsons, please?-Sorry, we dont have Johnson here in the village. （2007 年全国 II 卷）A. the； the B. the； aC不填；the D. the； 不填解析："the +复数姓氏”表示“夫妇”或“全家”。在人的姓前加 a ,表示“某个姓的 人”。所以选B o3. I looked under bed and found book I lost last week. （2007 年北京卷）A. the； a B. the； the C,不填；the D. the； 不填解析：bed特指说话的双方心目中的那张床，要用定冠词the。book后接定语从句，特指上周丢失的那本书，要用定冠词the o所以选B o4. I wanted to catch early train, but couldnt get ride to the station. （2007 年天津卷）A. an ； the B./； the C. an； / D. the； a解析：early train特指早班火车，要用定冠词the。ride表示泛指要用不定冠词a。所以选D。5. Christmas is special holiday when whole family are supposed to get together.（2007年辽宁卷）A. the； the B. a； a C. the； a D. a； the解析：这句话的意思是：圣诞节是一个整个家庭应该聚在一起的特殊的节日。A specialholiday "一个特殊的节日"，是泛指，用不定冠词 a。the whole family特指"整个家庭"， 用定冠词the o所以选 D。冠词用法口诀四.冠词的活用。1 .抽象名词具体化时，被具体化的名词可能会和a, an连用。如a heavy rain, a surprise 一件惊奇的事, a pleasure, a success/failure等。Exercises: 1. I don think my chances of success were very good.2. The gift came as complete surprise to me.2 .表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前面一般要加定冠词，但是如果此类名词有修饰成分，也可以用 a/an 如： the moon, a full moon, in the world, in a world without air3 .牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们前面永远不能加不定冠词。如：weather, space, fun,advice, news, information, progress4 .专有名词前冠词的用法比较复杂，但一般情况下不含普通名词的专有名词前不用冠词，如 Beijing, New York. The Changjiang River, The Great Wall5,易混结构the +比较级 表示两者中比较 的一个 the taller one of the two brothersa + 比较级，表示一个更 的 The story is not very interesting. I will tell you a moreinteresting one.a most= a very 无比较范围，无比较含义He is a most hard-working student.the + 序数词 表示顺序This is the second one.a/an + 序数词，不表顺序，表示又一，再一 can you give me a second chance?5 .recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S .would be higher than the number of English speaker by year 2090.A, theB. A, /C. The ,/D. The, a6 .If you go by train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you getfast one.3A. /, /B./, aC. the, aD./,/3. It is often said that teachers have very easy life.A/,/B. I,aC. the,/D. the, a4. I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left city ,1 only remember it wasMonday.A. the , theB. a ,theC. a, aD. the, a5.If you grow up in large family ,you are more likely to develop ability to get onwell with others .A. /,an theB. a, the ,/C. the ,an ,theD. a, the ,the6 .Mrs ,Taylor has 8-year-old daughter who has gift for painting -she has won twonational prizes.A. a, aB. an ,theC. an ,aD. the7 .Afetr dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ride to Capital Airport.A .the, aB. a theC. /, aD. /, the8.On May 5,2005,at World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and WangHaowon the gold medal in mens with score of 4:1.A. a ,aB. / theC. a ,/D. the ,a9.1 knew John Lennon ,but not famous one.A. /,aB. a ,theC. /,theD. the, a10 .The book tells life story of John Smith ,who left school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.A. the, theB. a , theC. the./D. a,/11 .When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to hotel ; I can find youbed in my flat.A. the ,aB. the,/C. a ,the D. a,/12.1 f you buy more than ten, they will knock 20 pence off.A. a priceB. priceC. the priceD. prices13.on-going division between English speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is major concern of the country.A. The ,/B. The ,aC. An ,theD. An,/14.When he left college ,he got a job as reporter in a newspaper office .A. /, aB/, theC .a theD .the, the15The most important thing about cotton in history is part that it played in IndustrialRevolution.A. /,/B. the,/C. the , theD. a ,the16.While he was investigating ways t improve the telescope Newton made discoverywhich completely changed mans understanding of color.A. a ,/B. a ,theC. /, theD. the ,a17.1 t is world of wonders,world where anything can happen.A. a. theB. a, aC. the, aD. /,/19 .Tom owns larger collection of books than any other student in our class.A. the ,/B. a,/C. a ,theD. /, the20 .For a long time they walked without saying word .Jim was the first t break silence.A. the, aB. a ,theC. a ,/D. the,/21 .There was time I hated t go to school.A. a ,thatB. a ,whenC. the ,thatD. the ,when22 .When you finish reading the book ,you will have better understanding of life.,A. a, theB. the .aC. /,theD.a,/23.1 earn 10dollars hours as supermarket cashier on Saturday.A.a, anB. the ,aC. an ,aD . an ,the24The sign reads m ease of fire ,break the glass and push red button”A. /,aB. /,theC. the ,theD. a ,a25.1 don like talking on telephone ; I prefer writing letter.A.a, theB. the./C. the ,theD. A ,/26.Jumping out of airplane at ten thousand feet is quite exciting experience.A. /, theB. /, anC. an. anD. the, the27.One way to understand thousands of new words in gain good knowledge of basic wordformation.A./B theC. aD. one28 .The cakes are delicious . Hed like have third one because second one is rather 3too small.A. a, aB. the .theC. a ,theD. the ,a29 .A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in leg.A. aB .oneC. theD. his30 .The warmth of sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.A. the, theB. the ,/C. /, theD. /,/答案：1. A report可数名词，a recent report 一份近来的报告，是泛指；第二个空填 the表特指示2090年。2. B. by train乘火车，by在接交通工具类的同时，一般不接冠词，如 by bike , by ship ;根 据句意第二个空应该是泛指。3. B . teachers此处用名词复数表泛指，指一切老师；have a life相当于live /leadalife过一种、样的生活4. D. leave the city 离开这座城市。a Monday 一个星期一，表泛指。5.B. a large family 一个大家庭；the ability此处表泛指“与别人相处好的能力"；others其 他人表泛指。6. C. have a gift for 有做、的天赋，相当于 have a talent for.7.8. give sb. a ride让某人搭车，此处ride是可数名词，表示“搭车"。8.D. the World Table Tennis Championship是专有名词， 由普通名词构成的专有名词，一般前面要加the； with a score of比分是 9.B. a John Lennon 一个叫做 John Lennon 的人，表泛指。10. C leave school 毕业11. A. go to the hotel去旅店；a bed此处表泛指，"一个地方”12. C. the price此处表特指，"原价"。13. B.此句的意思是：在讲英语的加拿大人和讲法语的加拿大人之间的那种逐渐增长的分歧是这个国家一个主要担心的问题。第一个空用the表特指；第二个空用a表泛指，泛指主要是担心问题中的一个。14. A. leave college 大学毕业15cthe part特指在工业革命避所起的作用；the Industrial Revolution工业革命16.A,make a discovery 有了一个发现； mans understanding of color 人类对于颜色的理解， 在物主代词，名词所有格前，一般不用加冠词，man用单数形式，前面不加冠词，可以表示“人类”。17. B. a world of wonders 一个充满奇迹的世界；第二个空a world是前面的同位语，因此还依然用a表泛指19.B. a large collection of 一个较大的收集 books用复数此处表泛指。2O.B.saying a word ,此处a word指"一个字"；the silence表特指此时此刻的"沉默”2 1 .B. a time表示一段时间， when引导定语从句修饰 a time.22.D.have a better understanding of对、有一种更好的理解。23.D. an hour表示"每小时”；后一空中的a表示"一个"24.B.句中fire为不可数名词，前面不用冠词，表示类别；而 the red button用于特指，区别 于其他的按纽。1.8. . on the telephone为固定用法，而第二个空中的letters表示类别；26 .C. airplane为可数名词，an airplane表示泛指，而此处的 experience表示"经历"，为可 数名词，an exciting experience意为“一次刺激的经历”27 . C.当某些不可数抽象名词含义具体化，而被某些修饰词修饰时，前面要加不定冠词。如a betty understanding of the passage , a good knowledge of English.28 .C.当序数词表示顺序时前面要回定冠词修饰；当表示“又一；再一”时，前面用不定冠 词修饰。29 .C本题考查习惯用法，结构为动词十sb+介词+the +身体的某个部位。30.B.句意为“一种毛衣的保暖性取决于所用的羊毛的种类"，此处的the sweater不是表示特指，而是表示种类；而第二个空中的 the sort of wool =the wool,表示特指的某种。