备战2018年高考英语纠错笔记系列专题14短文填空含解析20171028264.doc

专题14 短文填空易错点1 利用“惯性思维”命题1. Staying _ the oldest person is finished is considered to be a basic tradition of Korean table manners. 【错因分析】有些考生看到stay后面跟的是人，就会想到with，殊不知这里不是填介词而是连词。【试题解析】句意：一直等到最年长的人用膳完毕被认为是韩国餐桌礼仪的一个传统。故填until。【参考答案】until2. July 1, 1997 saw the return of Hong Kong to China. The day our Chinese people had looked forward to _ (come) at last. 【参考答案】came为了避免惯性思维的干扰，考生要认真理清词语的搭配和句子结构，判断出合乎逻辑的句意。下面再给几句容易让思维定势造成误区的句子供考生们学习：The reason _ he gave us at the meeting was not acceptable. （应填that/which，不要以为reason后面就一定是填why；这里的先行词reason在从句中作gave的宾语而不是状语）I will never forget the time _ we spent together in the countryside. （应填that/which，不要以为先行词是表示时间的，后面就一定是填when；这里的先行词time在从句中作spent的宾语而不是状语）This is the factory _ we visited three years ago. （应填that/which，不要以为先行词是一个地方，后面就一定是填where；这里的先行词factory在从句中作visited的宾语而不是状语）3. He was very tired _ doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did growhigher. 【解析】有些考生一看到be tired就马上想到be tired of这一短语，但这里不是厌倦的意思，而是表示在之后感到累，因做某事而累。【答案】after / from4. I still remember the story, _ believe it or not we got lost on a rainy night.【答案】that易错点2 利用藕断丝连命题 1. Is there anyone you can think of _ may know which hospital he was sent to?【错因分析】考生可能会因为没看出来本句中的you can think of是插入语而误填答案。【试题解析】句意：你能不能想到有谁可能知道他被送往哪一家医院了？句中的you can think of是插入语，anyone后面跟的是定语从句，且定语从句中缺少主语，所以要用who来引导。【参考答案】who命题者有意在句子中使用插入语，给考生的理解带来一定的困难和干扰。要解决这样的困扰，考生必须对英语中的插入语有一定的了解。首先，插入语在英语中属于独立成分，是对一句话进行附加解释或说明。通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，常位于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。由于插入语与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系，将它删掉之后，句子结构仍然完整，所以遇到此类题目时，考生应先删掉插入语来理解句子成分。下面列出一些含有插入语的句子(主要是插入语位于句中的句子)供考生们理解，画线部分为插入语：1. He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. 2. Who do you think will give us a talk this afternoon?3. An awful accident did, however, occur the other day. 4. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example, by dipping in water, it will be very hard but will break easily. 5. Some are young people who, for one reason or another, have left home and have nowhere to live. 6. Therefore, our tobacco seller, Mr. Johnson, always asks his customers, if they are very young, whom the cigarettes are bought for. 7. A fast-food restaurant is the place where, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. 2. And this is, when my taxi driver told me, _ I now call, The Law of the Garbage Truck. 【答案】what3. We were driving in the fight lane _ all of a sudden, a black car jumped out of a parking space right in front of us. 【解析】此处是be doing sth when.结构，表示正在做这时。【答案】when4. An American professor, Charles Zastrow, offers an interesting answer, particularly _ the second question. 【解析】an answer to the question表示问题的答案，是固定搭配。【答案】to易错点3 利用同形异性命题 1. Stage schools often act as agencies which supply children for stage and television work. _ visit to such schools will leave you in no doubt that the children enjoy themselves. 【错因分析】考生可能会误以为空后的visit是动词，所以错填了代词，而实际上，visit在此用作名词，所以前面缺的应是冠词。【参考答案】A2. Language learning research _ (show) that successful language learners are similar in many ways.【错因分析】有些考生会误以为题中的research是作动词，从而错填成了非谓语showing，实际上这里research这里用作名词，空处在句中用作谓语。【参考答案】shows英语中有很多这种同形同义但异性(词性)的单词，或者是同形异性并异义的单词。考生在分析句子成分的时候要仔细，根据主语+谓语来确定主要成分，再结合句意确定这类单词的词性和意义。此外，平时要注意积累这类单词，下面列出一些常见的词汇：helpv. 帮忙n. 帮忙likev. 喜欢prep. 象handv. 交给n. 手headv. 前进n. 头/首脑formv. 形成n. 表格endv. 结束n. 终点influencev. 影响n. 影响smilev. 微笑n. 微笑smellv. 嗅到n. 嗅觉/气味studyv. 学习n. 学习/书房timev. 计时n. 时间/次数trainv. 培训n. 火车matchv. 相配n. 比赛/火柴workv. 工作/起作用n. 工作slowadj. 慢的v. 减速objectv. 反对n. 物品rightadj. 正确的n. 权利watchv. 看n. 手表patientadj. 耐心的n. 病人matterv. 要紧n. 事情3. Many people care for the question: am I getting enough vitamins, and am I getting the right kind? Even though very small amounts of each vitamin are enough for the needs of the body, _ worry that people have about vitamins has some reasons. 【解析】worry在此用作名词，表示担心，担忧，在句子中作主语，这里表示这种担心，且为特指，所以空处要填定冠词the。【答案】the易错点4 利用语篇语境和上下文的逻辑关系命题1. The principles about applying for a job have altered greatly lately. In the past, people preferred a hand-written application letter. _, nowadays it is becoming more and more common to apply for a job through the Internet.【错因分析】考生在做此题时容易忽视上下文的语境，单纯从空格所在的句子入手，去揣测答案。【参考答案】However常用的语篇连词和短语：first, second, whats more, in addition, apart from this, last but not the least, however, but, although, though, despite, because, as, since, now that, therefore, thus, so, not only. but also., as well as, in a word, in short, to sum up等。2. He had a mate and she was dying on the ground. Sitting close beside her, he opened and closed _wings as if to fan her.【解析】做该题时，不少学生忽视了空格处与句子主语的关系，因而误填the，此处的主语为he，所以空格处要用his，表示他的。【答案】his【名师点睛】考生在做题时要注意句子的整体性，注意句子的前后联系，使用符合英语表达习惯的词来完成空格。如本题，代词的人称和数应与它替代的名词或代词保持一致，而the表示特指或指上文提到过的人或事。易错点5 利用抽象名词或物质具体化角度命题1. Yes it would come as _surprise to a lot of people to hear that Christmas was actually originally meant to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ.【错因分析】有些抽象名词具体化后，表示一个具体的人或者事，前面必须用不定冠词。比如：pity, shame, pleasure, must, success等。【参考答案】a抽象名词具体化通常可分为以下两类： 一、表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11个字：惊、乐、幸、憾、傲、慰、险、助、成、败、美。 1. surprise吃惊、惊奇（不可数名词） a surprise令人吃惊的人或事（可数名词） in surprise惊奇地、吃惊地 to ones surprise令人吃惊的是 What a surprise to see you here! 在这里见到你真是个意外的事。 2. pleasure愉快、高兴（不可数名词） a pleasure一件乐事、一个乐趣（可数名词） 如：with pleasure高兴地、乐意地take pleasure in以为乐、爱好 Its a pleasure to work with him. 和他一块儿工作是件乐事。 3. honor荣誉、信誉（不可数名词） an honor一种光荣的人或事（可数名词） 如：for the honor of the country 为了国家的荣誉 Its an honor to speak here. 在这里发言是我的荣幸。 4. pity 遗憾 a pity 一件遗憾的事 Its a pity that you should fail to pass the exam. 你没通过考试真是件遗憾的事。5. pride骄傲（不可数名词） a pride令人骄傲的人或事（可数名词） 如：He takes pride in his son. 他以儿子为骄傲。 He is a pride to his parents. 他是父母的一个骄傲。 6. comfort安危、舒适（不可数名词） a comfort一个令人安慰的人或事（可数名词） 如：enjoy comfort 享受舒适 Books become a comfort to him. 书籍成为他的一种安慰。 She tried to make her children live in comfort, which is a great comfort to her. 她尽力让她的孩子生活舒适，这对她来说是一种安慰。 7. danger危险（不可数名词） a danger可能引起危险的人或物（可数名词） 如：In war, a soldiers life is full of danger. 战争中，士兵的生命充满了危险。 The man is a danger to society. 那是个对社会危险的人物。 8. success成功（不可数名词） a success一个成功的人或事（可数名词） 如：be sure of success确信成功He is a great success as a scientist. 作为科学家，他是个伟大的成功者。 9. failure失败（不可数名词） a failure/failures 失败的人或事（可数名词） 如：Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。He had had six failures and would have a seventh try. 他已经历六次失败，并将再次努力。 10. help 帮助 a help帮手，起帮助作用的物 Its a great help to me. 这对我来说帮助很大。 11. beauty美、美丽（不可数名词） a beauty美人、美丽的东西（可数名词） 如：the beauty of nature大自然的美 He regarded his wife as a beauty. 他把妻子视为美人。 二、表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时，常以a/an加抽象名词，或a/an+形容词+抽象名词。常用短语、句型如下： have a wonderful supperhave a strong characterhave a bright future have a good time have a population of have a good knowledge/understanding ofhave an income of receive a good education receive a warm welcome cover an area ofreach a height of Its a waste of time/money. Its a great help to me. Its a pity that. 三、表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加a/an与某些动词（have, take, make, give）等词连用时，表示某一次短暂的动作。 have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep take a walk/bath give/take a try make an advance/an early start/an apology take/have a great interest go out for a walk 四、接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表示具体化意义。 die a heroic deathlive/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter lifedream a strange dream2. My parents approached the site, which was still wet from _ heavy rain.【解析】在这道题中，很多考生会误填the，认为rain是物质名词，前面不用冠词，即使使用冠词也应用the，但这里rain前有形容词heavy修饰，因此rain就具体化了，表示一场大雨要用不定冠词a。【答案】a【名师点睛】类似于rain的用法的名词被称为物质名词，它们一般都是不可数名词，但是一旦在它们前面加上了形容词，就成了物质名词具体化。此处表示一场大雨，因此应用不定冠词 a .类似的名词还有：dinner泛指饭， a good dinner指一顿美餐；fire泛指火，a big fire指一场大火等。易错点6 冠词的误用1. On the other hand, as is known to all, _ honest man wins the respect of others.【错因分析】有些考生会认为honest是以辅音字母h开头，而误认为要用不定冠词a。实际上，判断是用a还是用an 的关键是看单词发音而不是看首字母。【参考答案】an2. There was _big bright moon hanging in the sky, giving off a magic glow.【错因分析】有些考生一看见moon，就认为这里是要用定冠词the，而忽略了其前有形容词修饰时，要用不定冠词。【试题解析】表示独一无二的事物的名词前有形容词修饰时，需要用不定冠词a或者an，此处moon前有修饰语big bright，因此应用a。【参考答案】a3. Anyone who achieves success in this field can be _ success.【解析】句意：任何一个在这一领域取得成功的人都是成功人士。success在此表示一个成功的人“，因此其前要用不定冠词。【答案】a4. We can never expect _ bluer sky unless we create _ less polluted world.【解析】句意：如果我们不创造一个污染较少的世界，就永远不要期待一片更蓝的天空。sky前有形容词比较级bluer修饰，因此其前要用不定冠词。【答案】a；a5. _ Shanghai of tomorrow is sure to create new splendor and spring up as another center of international economy.【答案】The（一）（2017·新课标卷I）There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会收到损害。61. 【答案】as 【解析】考查介词。句意：这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as表示作为，以身份，故填as。64. 【答案】are removed 【解析】考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉。分析可知fat，salt和move之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。65. 【答案】a 【解析】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示结果，句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。66. 【答案】worse 【解析】考查比较级。句意：更糟糕的是，人们所吃快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。67. 【答案】is 【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：快餐食物中充满了脂肪和盐。fast food的意思是快餐，表示一类食物，为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故填is。68. 【答案】 eating 【解析】考查动名词。句意：通过吃更多的快餐，人们将在饮食中摄入超过需求量的脂肪和盐。根据前文中的by可知此处应该填名词，所以填eat的动名词形式。故填eating。（二）（2017·新课标卷III）She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term _61_ (rest). Instead, she is earning 6, 500 a day as _62_ model in New York. Sarah _63_ (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full-time But Sarah, _64_ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants _65_ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her _66_ (educate). She has turned down several _67_ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree _68_ engineering or architecture. Sarah says, My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school _69_ (come) first. I dont want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is _70_ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I dont want to have nothing else to fall back on when I cant model any more.【文章大意】本文是一篇人物类记叙文，介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期学业要放在首位。61. 【答案】 resting 【解析】考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time doing sth花费时间做某事。62. 【答案】 a 【解析】考查冠词。model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指 一个，故填a。63. 【答案】was told 【解析】考查动词。根据句意判断出谓语动词应该用一般过去时的被动形式，主语Sarah是第三人称单数，故填was told。64. 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，代替先行词Sarah，应该用人称代词who。68. 【答案】in 【解析】考查介词。in表示在某方面，获得某项学位 get a degree in。69. 【答案】 comes 【解析】考查动词。根据语境可知Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。70. 【答案】 certainly 【解析】考查副词。修饰动词应该用副词形式，故填certainly。（三）（2017·浙江卷）Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56 (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57 (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.Pahlsson screamed 58 loudly that her daughter came running from the house. She thought I had hurt 59 (I),says Pahlsson. Sixteen years 60 (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters then ten, eight, and six had picked it up, but the girls said they hadnt. Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. I gave up hope of finding my ring again, she says. She never replaced it. Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was 65 wonder. 【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Lena Pahlsson在花园里拔胡萝卜时，找到了丢失已久的结婚戒指的故事。56. 【答案】 carrots 【解析】考查名词。根据a handful of 可知要用carrot的复数形式，故填carrots。57. 【答案】 shiny/shining 【解析】考查形容词。a为冠词，object为名词，横线处应填写形容词。故填shiny或shining。58. 【答案】 so 【解析】考查固定结构。根据空后的loudly that her daughter came running from the house可知这里为sothat结构，意为如此以至于，故填so。59. 【答案】 myself 【解析】考查代词。主语为I，横线处为宾语，根据语境可知这里指她以为我弄伤了自己。故填myself。63. 【答案】 swept 【解析】考查动词。ring与sweep之间是被动关系，要用被动语态。故填swept。64. 【答案】 where 【解析】考查连接词。分析句子结构可知，定语从句结构完整，先行词为the garden，表示地点，故填where。65. 【答案】 a 【解析】考查冠词。wonder是可数名词的单数形式，且此处表示泛指，因此其前应加不定冠词a。故填a。语法填空之解题策略语法填空题就设题类型而言主要分为有提示词类和无提示词类，这两种设题类型的解题方法不尽相同，下面分别就这两种类型的解题步骤进行详细介绍：一、有提示词类1. 提供动词：当设空处提供动词原形，设空处一般考查动词的时态、语态，非谓语动词或词类转化