CAD绘制剖面线和图块.doc

第 七 讲学习目标1）能熟练应用BHATCH “图案填充”命令绘制AutoCAD 2004中内设的剖面线（剖面材料符号），并使所绘剖面材料符号间隔疏密合适。2）能熟练应用 “创建图块”命令和 “插入图块”命令，创建和使用AutoCAD 2004中没有设置的剖面材料符号。3）能将专业图中常用的符号、结构等分别创建为图块或属性图块。4）掌握修改各类图块的正确方法。讲课内容第7章 绘制剖面线和使用图块7.1绘制剖面线AutoCAD 2000提供了灵活的剖面线绘制与编辑功能。在绘制剖面线时，作为边界的实体在当前屏幕上必须全部可见，否则会产生错误。7.1.1 用BHATCH命令绘制剖面线 该命令可方便地定义绘制剖面线的边界，可选择或自定义所需的剖面线，还可进行预览及进行一些相关的设定。 BHATCH命令可用下列方法之一输入：从工具栏单击：“图案填充”按钮 从下拉菜单选取：“绘图”ð“图案填充”从键盘键入：BHATCH输入命令后，AutoCAD 2000弹出“边界图案填充”对话框。 “边界图案填充”对话框该对话框分4部分,逐项演示讲解： 1. 图案类型区图案类型区用于选择和定义剖面线的类型和间距。该区有“快速”（Quick）、“高级”（Advanced）个标签，其中“快速”标签中提供有“预定义”(Predefined)、“用户定义”(User defined)和“自定义”(Custom)3种类型的图案供用户选择和定义，“高级”标签中各选项用于设置特殊的填充格式。 2. 边界区 边界区用来选择剖面线的边界并控制定义剖面线边界的方法，该区包含5个按钮：“拾取”按钮、“选择对象”按钮、“删除”按钮、“查看选择集”按钮、“继承特性”按钮。 3. 组成区“边界图案填充”对话框中的“组成”区包含“关联”和“不关联”2个开关。所谓关联是指填充的剖面线与其边界关联，它控制当前边界改变时，剖面线是否跟随变化。 4. “预览”（Preview）按钮选择定义了剖面线和边界后，单击“预览”（Preview）按钮，AutoCAD显示绘制剖面线的结果，当预览完毕后，按回车键或使用右键菜单将重新显示“边界图案填充”对话框，若不满意，可进行修改，直至满意。单击“确定”按钮，AutoCAD将按所定的设置绘制出剖面线。7.1.2 绘制剖面线实例例一：绘制下图所示图形中的剖面线。 步骤：输入命令。在工具栏上单击BHATCH 命令图标，弹出“边界图案填充”对话框。选择剖面线类型。在图案类型区，先在下拉列表中选择“预定义”，再单击“图案”下拉列表后面的按钮，在弹出的“填充图案调色板”对话框中选择“ANSI31”剖面线，然后单击“确定”按钮返回到“边界图案填充”对话框。设置剖面线缩放比例和角度。在“边界图案填充”对话框中设“比例”为“15”，角度为“0”。设置剖面线边界。单击“拾取点”按钮，返回图纸，在图7.11所示“1”、“2”两区域内各点取一点，点选后剖面线边界呈虚像显示，然后按回车键或使用右键菜单返回“边界图案填充”对话框。预览设置效果。单击“预览”按钮，返回图纸，显示绘制剖面线结果。预览后按回车键或使用右键菜单返回“边界图案填充”对话框。如剖面线间距值不合适，可修改“比例”值，如边界参数不合适，可单击“高级”标签进行修改，修改后再预览，直至满意。 f. 绘出剖面线。预览结果满意后，单击“确定”按钮将结束该命令，绘出剖面线。7.1.3 用HATCHEDIT命令修改剖面线 1. 功能 该命令可修改已填充的剖面线类型、缩放比例、角度及填充方式等。 2. 输入命令从下拉菜单选取：“修改” ð“图案填充”从键盘键入：HATCHEDIT 3. 命令的操作 命令：(输入命令) 选择关联填充图案：（选择一处已填充的剖面线）AutoCAD将弹出“图案填充编辑”对话框。该对话框中的内容与“边界图案填充”对话框一样。在该对话框中可根据需要，重新选择剖面线的图案；修改缩放比例和倾角等。在“填充编辑”对话框中进行了必要的修改后，单击“确定”按钮完成修改。7.2 创建与使用图块AutoCAD把图块当作一个单一的实体来处理，利用AutoCAD的图块功能，可把一图多用或多图常用的一组（也可是一个）实体定义为图块，绘图时可根据需要将制作的图块插入到图中任意指定的位置，插入时可以指定不同的比例因子和旋转角。7.2.1 认识图块 一般说来，图块有如下几方面的功能：1.建立图形库在工程图中常常会有一些重复出现的结构，如水工设计中的示坡线、高程符号和一些特殊的建筑材料图例等。如果把这些经常出现的结构做成图块存放在一个图形库中，当绘制这些结构时，就可以用插入图块的方法来实现，这样可避免大量的重复工作，从而提高绘图速度。2.节省存储空间将所绘制的图样存盘后，图中绘制的每一个实体都会增加磁盘上相应图形文件的容量。这是因为AutoCAD必须保存每一个实体的某些信息，如这个实体的类型、位置、定义坐标等。如事先将这些实体定义为图块，对图块的每次插入，AutoCAD仅需要记住这个图块的块名、插入点坐标及相应参数，从而大大节省了磁盘空间。对于比较复杂的结构，而且需要多次绘制时，使用图块就会使这一优点更加显著。3.便于修改图形一张工程图往往需要进行多次修改。如在水工或房屋建筑设计中，绘制完一张图样后，发现立面高程符号绘制的不标准，如果立面高程符号不是图块，就需要一处一处的修改，既费时又不方便。如果绘图时将立面高程符号定义成图块绘制，这样只需要将该符号调出进行修改或重新定义，图中所有该立面高程符号均会自动修改。在AutoCAD 2000中，用BLOCK命令可创建附属图块，用WBLOCK命令可创建独立图块。由于这两个命令所创建的图块均是使用DDINSERT命令来插入的。因此，这让AutoCAD的使用者产生了迷惑。弄清2种图块的区别进而合理的使用它们，这在绘制工程图当中是非常必要的。用BLOCK命令创建的附属图块与用WBLOCK命令创建的独立图块主要是保存形式的不同。前者是内存在某一个特定图形文件中，而后者则是以一个独立图形文件的形式存在。用BLOCK命令创建的附属图块只能用在图块所在的那张图上，不能用于其它图，而且这些图块无论是否使用都在此图形文件中占有容量。所以当创建的图块在图上用量很大，而且其它图又不需要使用它时，应使用该命令。无论用哪个命令来创建图块，组成图块的实体都必须事先画出，而且必须是可见的。组成图块的实体所处的图层是非常重要的。图块可以由绘制在若干图层上的实体组成，AutoCAD将图层的信息保留在图块中。插入图块时，AutoCAD有如下约定：插入图块时，图块中位于0图层上的实体被绘制在当前图层上；图块中位于其它图层上的实体仍在它原来的图层上绘出。若当前图形中有与图块同名的图层，则图块中该图层上的实体绘制在当前图中同名的图层上；若有不同名的图层，AutoCAD将给当前图增加相应的图层。7.2.2 用BLOCK命令创建附属图块 1. 输入命令从工具栏单击：“定义图块”按钮 拉下拉菜单选取：“绘制”ð“图块”ð“创建”从键盘键入：BLOCK 或 BMAKE 2.命令的操作 命令：（输入命令）立刻弹出“块定义”对话框。演示操作步骤： a. 输入要创建的附属图块的名称。 b. 确定图块的插入点。 c. 选则要定义的实体。 d. 完成创建。7.2.3 用WBLOCK命令创建独立图块 1. 输入命令该命令只能从键盘键入：WBLOCK 2. 命令的操作命令： WBLOCK 立刻弹出 “写块”对话框，以绘制的某部分实体直接定义成独立图块为例，演示操作步骤：a. 选择要定义的实体。b. 确定图块的插入点。c. 输入要创建的独立图块的名称及路径。d. 完成创建。7.2.4 用DDINSERT命令使用图块 1. 输入命令从工具栏单击：“插入图块”按钮 从下拉菜单单击：“插入”ð“块”从键盘键入：INSERT或DDINSERT 2. 命令的操作命令：（输入命令）输入命令后，弹出“插入”对话框，演示操作： a. 选择图块。 b. 指定插入点、比例因子、旋转角度。7.2.5 创建和使用属性图块7.2.6 修改图块 1. 修改由BLOCK命令创建的图块修改用BLOCK命令创建的图块的方法是：先修改这种图块中的任意一个，然后以同样的图块名再用BLOCK命令重新定义一次，重新定义后，AutoCAD将立即修改该图形中所有已插入的同名附属图块。 2. 修改由WBLOCK命令创建的图块修改WBLOCK命令创建的图块的方法是：用OPEN命令指定路径打开该图块文件，修改后用QSAVE命令保存，然后再执行一次DDINSERT命令，按提示确定“重新定义”后，AutoCAD将会修改所有图形文件中已插入的同名独立图块。说明：当图中已插入多个相同的图块，而且只需要修改其中一个时，切忌不要重新定义图块，此时应用EXPLODE 分解命令将图块炸开，然后直接进行修改。53（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simp