j工业废渣在特种水泥行业的应用zhx.doc

特种水泥课程论文工业废渣在特种水泥中的应用 姓名：赵晗旭 班级：无111 学号：119024286工业废渣在特种水泥中的应用    摘要  随着社会的发展，中国面临着空前的能源资源环境的压力；而另一方面，技术的进步也为中国缓解资源能源环境压力创造了条件。废弃资源在水泥与水泥制品行业的综合利用，受到了全社会的高度重视，近年来获得了较大发展。废弃资源在水泥与水泥制品行业的应用技术越来越成熟，技术水平越来越高。废弃资源在中国正在成为水泥与水泥制品行业生产用的重要原材料之一。固体废弃物的综合利用固体废弃物可分为工业固体废弃物和城市垃圾。对中国的水泥与水泥制品行业而言，工业固体废弃物的综合利用主要体现在粉煤灰和矿渣作为混合材掺入水泥中，制备水泥和水泥制品，而把他们作为替代原料的情况很少。2004年，水泥行业综合利用了2.1亿吨诸如粉煤灰、矿渣、尾矿和煤矸石等的工业固体废弃物，占各行业利用总量的41.76。至于城市垃圾的综合利用，中国还处于试验阶段，多半未形成成熟的工艺路线。关键词： 特种水泥Special Cement 工业废渣Industrial waste工业废渣在特种水泥中的应用 一、钢渣工业发达国家很早就开始重视环境保护问题，因而他们的钢渣综合利用率一般较高，以下就是典型的几个工业发达国家的钢渣利用情况。 在上世纪70年代初，美国的钢渣就已达到排用平衡，实现了钢渣利用的资源化、专业化、企业化，历史上的渣堆现已基本消除。最新数据统计表明，2001年美国钢渣产量665万吨，其中37%用于路基工程，22%用于工程回填料，22%用于沥青混凝土集料。  统计数据表明，整个欧洲每年产钢渣约1200万吨，其中65%已得到高效率的利用，但仍有35%的钢渣堆积未利用。相比之下德国的钢渣利用率相对较高，1998德国约97%的钢渣已作为集料广泛应用于公路交通、地下工程及民用建筑。  1998年我国钢渣的年排放量己达1600万吨，回收利用率为79%。从利用数字分析，我国钢渣利用率并不低，但实际上钢渣的利用情况并不理想，许多钢渣实际上采取的是粗放式处理方法。 钢渣是炼钢过程中排除的废渣，约占钢产量的20%。将钢渣制成水泥，既是增产水泥的途径之一，而更重要的是解决炼钢厂的炼钢废渣处理问题。钢渣主要来源于铁水与废钢中所含元素氧化后形成的氧化物，金属炉料带入的杂质，加入的造渣剂如石灰石、萤石、硅石以及氧化剂、脱硫产物和被侵蚀的炉衬材料等。 炼炼钢分为平炉炼钢、转炉炼钢和电炉炼钢。平平炉钢渣随炼钢过程中出渣的前后分初期渣、精炼渣和后期渣。转炉渣分为前期渣、和后期渣。电炉钢渣分氧化渣、和还原渣。用于制造水泥的主要是CaO含量较高的平炉精炼渣、后期渣和转炉后期渣。电炉还原渣还可用于制造白色和彩色钢渣水泥。 以化学成分而言，钢渣与水泥熟练有些相似，当氧化物含量差别较大。同时钢渣成分波动很大，长随炼钢品种、原料来源、操作控制等而变。下面为几种钢渣的化学成分。  根据对钢渣的岩相鉴定和x射线鉴定表明，钢渣之所以具有胶凝性，主要是其中含有水泥熟料中的一些矿物，例如CaO含量较高的平炉钢渣中，常含有C3S、C2S和铁铝酸盐。转炉渣中C3S含量更多一些，因而其活性一般比平炉渣高一些。电炉还原渣中场含有C2S、CA、C12A7，CaO含量很高时还可以形成C3S和C3A。这些矿物都具有胶凝性，但其含量一般比熟料中少，而且晶体发育也较大，比较完整，活性较低。 钢渣特种水泥的定义如下：凡以平炉、转炉钢渣为主要组成，加入一定量粒化高炉矿渣和适量石膏，磨细制成的水硬性胶凝材料，称为钢渣矿渣水泥。钢渣的掺入量，以质量计，不少于35%，必要时，可掺入质量不超过20%的硅酸盐水泥熟料。 凡由平炉、转炉炼钢时所含硅酸盐、铁铝酸盐为主要矿物，经淬冷或自然冷却的钢渣，均适用于制作钢渣水泥。钢渣的碱度不得小于1.8.钢渣中不应混有炉前垃圾、补炉材料及废耐火砖等外来夹杂物。钢渣必须经过磁选，金属铁的含量，应严格控制。 钢渣中的氧化镁存在形式主要有三种：即化合态（钙镁橄榄石、镁蔷薇辉石等）、固溶体（二价金属氧化物MgO、FeO、MnO的无限固溶体，即RO相）、游离态（方镁石晶体）。关于以固溶体存在的氧化镁对水泥长期安定性的影响，存在着不同看法。有人认为钢渣中RO相固溶体中的氧化镁仍会水化，从而起着有害作用；另一种看法认为，RO相的氧化镁因固溶有其他二价氧化物，不会引起安定性问题。多数人认为，RO相中的氧化镁的水化会因FeO、MnO等二价金属氧化物的固溶体而受到抑制。 钢渣中的MgO含量为5%-13%，如粒化高炉矿渣掺入量大于40%时，制成的钢渣水泥不作压蒸实验。当钢渣中MgO含量大于13%时，水泥必须用压蒸法检验安定性合格。 硅酸盐水泥熟料中游离氧化钙含量不得超过3%，氧化镁含量不得超过5%。 钢渣矿渣水泥分为22.5、27.5、和32.5三个标号，其各龄期 钢渣矿渣水泥的细度，以表面积计，不得小于3500gcm/2。用筛析法测定时，在0.08mm方孔筛上筛余不得超过8%。钢渣矿渣水泥的初凝应大于45分钟，终凝应不迟于24小时。蒸煮安定性必须合格，安安定性试饼在湿气中养护72±3小时后，在进行蒸煮实验 。 秦山核电站的钢筋混凝土储罐，其混凝土中掺入钢渣粉。 使用钢渣粉作混凝土掺合料。 掺入钢渣粉后对提高特种水泥后期强度、降低水化热、减少坍落度损失、改善混凝土和易性、防止水泥早期收缩裂缝均有显著效果。 尤其是钢渣粉和粒化高炉矿渣粉双掺成复合粉，两者性能取长补短，是水泥矿物掺合材料的最佳产品。 用钢渣粉作水泥和混凝土掺合料不仅可等量取代1030的特种水泥，而且可提高混凝土耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、后期强度、抗折强度，并可降低混凝土的水化热等。 钢渣粉的推广应用是钢铁工业发展循环经济，走可持续发展的重要内容，也是钢渣高价值资源化利用的重要途径。代替水泥使用可减少水泥生产时CO2的排放，对减少环境污染，保护地球环境、节约能源和资源等均具有重要的现实意义。钢渣矿渣水泥的主要缺点是早期强度低，冬季施工困难，但后期强度不断增长，后期强度高，具有与矿渣硅酸盐水泥相似的物理学性能，并具有耐磨、耐腐蚀、抗冻性好，大气稳定性好，微膨胀和水化热低等特点。 钢渣矿渣水泥主要适用于一般工业与民工建筑、地下工程和防水工程、大体积混凝土工程、要求抗渗、抗硫酸盐侵蚀和对耐磨性有一定要求的混凝土工程。钢渣矿渣水泥不适用于抢修工程和早期强度有较高要求的的工程。二、粉煤灰粉煤灰在水泥工业中的主要应用途径有烧结墙体材料生产粉煤灰加气混凝土制品，如粉煤灰加气混凝土砌块、板材，蒸压粉煤灰砖，粉煤灰（硅酸盐）砌块粉煤灰为火山灰质混合材料,可用来生产水泥或配制水泥生料。日本在这方面居世界前列，几乎全部粉煤灰都用来生产水泥。扮煤灰水泥不仅能消除大量粉煤灰，而且由于能降低物料水分，减少热能消耗，对提高水泥的产量、质量和降低成本有显著优越性。      份煤灰砝酸盐水泥将电厂粉煤灰干燥，使其含水量降至6-8%，与水泥熟料及石裔混合，并在球麽机内扮磨，其细庋要求4900孔/厘米2，筛 掺入量为30%左右。焦作群英水泥厂采用35%的掺入最，年产5万吨，毎年可利用煤灰17500吨以上，毎吨水泥成本比不加粉煤灰时下降三元多。     粉煤灰无熟料水泥粉煤灰中三氧化二铝的含贵大于15%，氧化眭的含里大于40%时，可用来生产无熟料水泥。目前主要冇两种，一冲是石灰扮煤灰水泥，石灰的掺入量为1020%。另一种是纯粉煤灰水泥，要求粉煤灰中氣化钙的含量在15%以上，并且粉煤灰的化学成分要比较稳定。采用人工增钙的方法，即在原煤燃烧时加入一定贷的石灰或石灰石，可提高纯粉煤灰水泥的质量。纯粉煤灰水泥的生产工艺尚不很成熟，但它对粉煤灰的资源化有重要意义。此外，粉煤灰也可生产其他建筑材料，如生产粉煤灰陶粒、作混凝土掺合料、房屋保温层，制轻质耐火混凝土等。粉煤灰作胶凝性建材用，对含炭量有一定的要求，国家规定不得大于 8%。     炭虽对焙烧违筑材料有益，但对水硬凝胶建筑材料是一种有害成分。我国电力系统的粉煤灰年排放量约3500万吨，由丁-阗内电厂锅炉多数是容贽较小的低温低压锅炉，燃烧溫度低，燃烧通逍较短，收尘效率不髙，加上煤质影响，多数电厂粉煤灰炭量偏高，有的髙达20255%，需要脱炭处现方能利用的占半数以上。我国应用电选原理，进行了从粉煤灰中脱炭的试验，从1976年起，利用试验用YD-2型高压电选机，先后对湖南株洲电厂、金竹山电厂、福边永安电厂、南乎纸厂热电站的锅炉粉煤灰，分别进行了分选试验，取得了良好的结果。七十年代太，在湖南金竹电厂，相继进行了工业规模的单机分选和流程试验，在分选效串、分选质量、电选机台时处理量、经济效果、设备运行稳定性方面，都取得了令人满意的结果。含炭25%的粉煤灰，在台时处理里为2.02.5吨时，毎小时可回收含炭小于8%的灰1.41.6吨和含炭大于 50%、发热值达30004000大卡/公斤的煤扮(0.6-0.8吨）。     粉煤灰拉度细、比重轻、粒级宽，其中炭与灰比重接近，一般重力分选法很难达到有效的分离。而炭与灰的电性差异明显，达7  8数量级。电选就是利用这种电性差异，在髙压电晕电场作用下使其分离的方法 。当粉煤灰随接地圆茼电极进入电选机的电晕电场后，炭粒出于导电性好，很快失去所得电荷，于是在重力p、惯性离心力fc及静电力八的作用下，于ad区脱落圆简,落入集煤槽成为精煤。而灰粒由于导电性较差，故能较长时间保持其电荷，在电场力和镜象力fi的向心作用下，克服里力 p、惯性离心力fc和静电力fs的影响，牢固地吸附在圆筒电极表面，被带到 oe区段落下，或经五处排枓毛刷刷落到集灰槽，成为脱炭灰。长沙矿冶研究院采用所示的工业试验流程，对旋风除尘器收集的粉煤灰进行了电选脱炭试生产，产灰串平均达65.26%，含炭小于8%；产煤率平均为33.40%、含炭大于50%，热值近4000大卡/公斤，是一种可用的能源。 脱炭灰除了作水泥土掺合料外，还可作混凝土混合材料  . 三、脱硫石膏为了调节和控制水泥的凝结时间，一般需掺入石膏作为缓凝剂。脱硫石膏成份与天然石膏相似，大量的实践研究均已表明，以脱硫石膏代替天然石膏用于水泥的生产之中，同样可以满足相关的性能指标要求。脱硫石膏与水化铝酸钙反应生成水化硫铝酸钙针状晶体（钙矾石）。该晶体难溶，包裹在水泥熟料的表面上，形成保护膜，阻碍水分进入水泥内部，使水化反应延缓下来，从而避免了纯水泥熟料水化产生闪凝现象。对于常见的水泥品种，掺入25的脱硫石膏，均能够调节水泥结时间。掺有脱硫石膏的特种水泥高含水量 ,流动性差，适合皮带输送。不仅如此，脱硫石膏还可以促进水泥中硅酸三钙和硅酸二钙矿物的水化，从而提高水泥的早期强度以及平衡各龄期强度。脱硫石膏中含有部分未反应的CaCO 和部分可溶性K 、Na 盐类，这些杂质的存在可以促进水泥水化，激发水泥混合材或混凝土掺合料活性的充分发挥。化铁炉渣系炼钢厂化铁炉排出的废渣，其化学成分、矿物组成与粒化高炉矿渣相同，可作为活性混合材。 四、磷渣 粒化电炉磷渣是电热法生产黄磷时排出的废渣，其主要矿物组成是假硅灰石和枪晶石，含有l5%的P2O5，、2.5%左右的氟，故可作为复合矿化剂，改害生料的易烧性。在激发剂的作用下，磷渣也可以作为混合材，其掺加量可达40%。常用的激发剂有硫酸钠、硅酸钠等，选择合适的激发剂及其掺加量，可提高磷渣的掺加量。磷渣还可以作为混合材使用,其掺加量可达40%。五、 氟渣 氟渣是生产氟酸的废渣，呈白色粉状，其成分与石膏相似，故可代替石膏作矿化剂.与石膏相比，可加速CaCO3分解，使C2S对f一CaO的吸收更趋完全，易烧性明显好转，制成的熟料f一CaO低、安定性好。 5.3返烧石 返烧石是氨碱法制纯碱过程中产生的废渣，其主要成分为氢氧化钙，多为粉块夹杂物，用它可代替石灰石质原料.由于返烧石中只有少量的CaCO3，未分解，钙主要以Ca(OH)2形式存在，因此可减少配煤量。在特种水泥生产中:每吨返烧石可抵1.151.20吨石灰石，再加上返烧石比石灰石便宜，故可使原料成本下降，经济效益显著。据资料报道,1吨返烧石相当于1.151.20吨石灰石。六、 其它化工废渣 以煤为原料的合成氨厂排出的废渣称为碳化煤球渣，可代替部分原料、燃料，不少厂已稳定地生产出了普通硅酸盐水泥。化工厂生产聚徽乙烯时排出的电石渣，其主要成分为氢氧化钙，可代替部分石灰石。除此之外，可利用的废渣还有硫酸铝渣、赤泥等。总之，在水泥工业中利用工业废渣已成为水泥生产的特点之一，它不仅有助于解决废渣的堆存和污染问题具有社会效益，而且能降低生产成本给水泥厂带来经济效益。工业废渣在特种水泥生产中的具体应用现代水泥工业在保护环境和维持生态平衡方面拥有诸多的处理手段和技术,不仅能够做到有良好的企业环境,而且在消化利用工业废渣方面具有巨大的潜力,经济效益和社会效益明显。大量利用工业废渣,可节约原材料和能耗,降低有害气体和粉尘的排放,生料系统利用工业废渣可节约原材料,水泥制备系统利用工业废渣可节约水泥熟料，提高水泥各项性能，开发新型水泥功用。所以工业废渣在建材行业特别是特种水泥行业使用越来越广泛。参考文献1李德远.返烧石代替石灰石烧制水泥熟料的研究与生产.四川水泥,(No.4,1992). 2吴俊秀,磷渣配料对水泥生产工艺和水泥性能的影响.水泥,(No.5,1993). 3袁本辉,韦池等编.水泥工业法规及标准汇编.中国标准出版社,(7,1993). 4郭守铭、苏峥、沈广才.应用煅烧石膏生产早强粉煤灰水泥.四川水泥,(No.4,1995).（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchm