毕设论文--24V交流单相在线式不间断电源硬件设计(汤炜).doc

In order to ensure normal teaching order, protecting students ' healthy growth, ensuring that national (property) is not lost, to prevent or minimize the occurrence of safety accidents, follow the "prevent, rescue each other, ensure safety and reduce losses" principle, according to the local conditions, make the management system. 1, the principal is the responsibility of school safety, school security under the leadership of President security work leading group. The head teacher to the leadership team is responsible for, implementation of the accountability system. 2, school monthly student knowledge about safety education, education should be diversified in the form every safety education for students of classes per week should be targeted. To carry on emergency issues dealing with education in General, self-help and mutual rescue knowledge. Emergency calls (such as 110, 119, 122, 120, and so on) use common sense in education. 3, the establishment of major accident reporting system. School students report major accident within an hour of education; student run and disappearances to report; report of the accident to a written report in triplicate, a correctional centre, a police station, a township people's Government shall not conceal the accident. 4 week, teachers are on duty system, establish and improve the leadership values; strengthen the education, management of teaching activities in schools to ensure normal teaching order; responsible for school safety leadership always maintained close contact and district police stations, canvassing support from the police station on school safety and help. 5, strengthening teachers ' moral education, establish a dedicated love, improving education quality, observe the students ' psychological changes at any time and take preventive measures, no corporal punishment and covert corporal punishment on students, student out of the classroom, schools may not be. 6, units or departments use student Street propaganda or participate in the celebrations, as well as participating in other social work, without approval of the Correctional Centre, school principals consent, without organization. Without the approval of relevant departments, may organize students to participate in fire fighting, disaster relief and so on. 7, schools should educate students to obey the school rules and regulations, on time, on time home to prevent accidents. 8, school to school inspections on a regular basis, found hidden in time, and in severe cases, it is hard to eliminate immediately closed, and reported to the local people's Government, education, and rule of law section. 9, the school should always check the internal walls, retaining walls, ponds, railings, handrails, doors, Windows, staircases and a variety of sports, extracurricular activities, facilities such as fire safety, infrastructure security, unsafe facility to immediately repair and demolition to ensure that teachers and students work, learn, live venues and facilities are safe and reliable. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school fire safety systems to enhance fire safety, protection of public property and the life and property safety of teachers and students, school fire safety into day-to-day management, is developing the following fire safety system. 1, strengthen fire safety education of the whole school. According to the requirements of the Fire Services Act, so that everyone has of keeping fire control safety, protecting fire control facilities, fire prevention, reports of fire浙 江 理 工 大 学毕业论文(设计)诚信声明我谨在此保证：本人所写的毕业论文(设计)，凡引用他人的研究成果均已在参考文献或注释中列出。论文(设计)主体均由本人独立完成，没有抄袭、剽窃他人已经发表或未发表的研究成果行为。如出现以上违反知识产权的情况，本人愿意承担相应的责任。声明人(签名)：年 月 日摘 要UPS（Uninterruptible Power Supply）是一种储能装备，可以连续不断地向一些用户的关键设备（铁路和民航的售票系统、互联网数据中心、医院的生命维护设备、银行的清算中心等）提供频率稳定、精度高、失真度小的高质量正弦波电源。传统的逆变电源多为模拟控制，虽然模拟控制技术已经非常成熟，但模拟电路存在电路复杂，体积庞大，不够灵活，一致性差，不便于调试，产品升级困难等缺点。伴随着DSP、高速MCU的出现，使逆变电源的数字化控制成为现实，数字化控制也成为了UPS未来发展的一大趋势。本文对50Hz逆变电源数字化控制的实现做出了详细的介绍。论文通过建立逆变器的模型，对SPWM的数学模型进行了理论分析。提出了基于dsPIC30F2010芯片的单相SPWM逆变电源的数字控制技术的硬件设计。本文还对该系统的硬件设计部分做出了详细地介绍分析，并对硬件系统进行了调试，对调试结果进行了数据分析，同时对于调试过程中出现的问题进行了进一步工作的展望。系统采用单相全桥逆变电路，输出电压24V，额定电流1A，开关频率为20kHz。利用采样输出电压闭环实现了系统的数字化控制，输出特性基本满足要求。关键词：逆变器；不规则采样法；数字控制；DSC；滤波ABSTRACTUPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply) is a kind of energy storage equipment, can continuously provide sine wave power of frequency stability, high precision, small distortion degree of for users' key equipment, such as railway and civil aviation's ticketing system, internet data center, the hospital's life of maintenance equipment, bank settlement center, and so on. Most of traditional inverter power supplies are analog -control. Although analog -control technology has already been very ripening, but the analog circuit exists many shortcomings, as circuit's over complexity, large volume,unflexible, poor-consistency,  unconvenient for debug, difficulty in product upgrades. With the emergence of DSP, high-speed MCU,the digital control of inverter power supply has become a reality, digital control has also become a trend in the future development of the UPS.This paper carries out a detailed introduction on the digital control of 50Hz inverter power supply.By establishing the inverter power supply' model,the paper make a analyzed theoretically in the mathematical model of SPWM. This paper puts forward a kind of hardware design for the single-phase SPWM inverter digital control technology which is based on the dsPIC30F2010. The paper also makes a detail analysis of the system's hardware designing part, and the debugging of hardware, the data analyses for the debugging results.Meanwhile,this paper conducts a prospect of the further work based on the problems during the debugging process. The hardware system uses the SPWM-FBI, output voltage 24V, rated current 1A, and switch frequency by 20kHz.The system carry out the digital control by sampling output voltage closed-loop. The output characteristic basicly achieve requirements.Keywords: inverter; irregular sampling method; digital control; DSC; filteringElectricity lines, equipment inspections, found hidden in time for rectification, maintenance, and security. 9, do not use an open flame in the classroom, prohibit burning stove, lit candles, mosquito repellent, no smoking, and banning messy wiring. Without using any household appliances is not allowed. 10, live on campus faculty members, must lead by example, and educate families and children ready to fire. 11, household use of gas in schools, to master proper usage, pay attention to the leak-proof, explosion-proof, fireproof, closing valve after use to ensure security. 12, dining room must be qualified, and annual testing of pressure vessels, to regularly check, the canteen workers must be certified, strictly by operation operation, gas tank and stove safety distance of 1.5 meters, to prevent accidents. 13, the adverse consequences caused by ignoring fire safety regulations, will be punished, until investigated for legal responsibility. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school, pine slopes surrounding safety management system 1 teachers and students, the surrounding area of the school governance covers personal and food hygiene, cultural events and other aspects, integrated governance shall obtain wide support and full cooperation of the community. On the surrounding environment in schools should be closely monitored. 2, school work at the same time, should pay attention to the safety management of school environment, should take the initiative to contact the district police station, the village Committee, Correctional Centre, Township government, business management and other departments to do a good job management. 3, teacher on duty with the exception of inspections in schools, should also pay attention to environmental inspections near the campus, found that the jobless migrants from rural areas, for example, harassment of students and a variety of accidents, according to different situations reported school officials or the police station in a timely manner, to protect the safety of students. 4, every day before school, teachers remind students, pay attention to traffic safety. 5, should educate students to respect social ethics, and various regulations, maintaining public order, and fight the bad guys, and grasp the correct ways and means of maintaining and improving students ' self-care ability. 6, the establishment of emergency rescue teams of teachers in schools, on high alert and deployed. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school teachers and students organizations out of safety management system organization activities between teachers and students, to draw up a precise plan and security measures must be signed by the school officials to review the programme of activities agreed upon Correctional Center agreed to implement. Organization to the field relatively far or activities require approval by the Deputy Director of the Education Bureau in charge of security. 2, each activity should have a specific responsibility, pay attention to the persons age, physical match. Route 3, activities, location, field surveys should be carried out in advance. 4, activities for the means of transport should explain the situation to the school to comply with vehicle, safety requirements, before the line for repairs. 5, each activity must have security, emergency response plan for accidents. 6, picnics, hiking, picnic to pay attention to fire prevention, food poisoning, prevention of fall accidents 7, the activities near the rivers, reservoirs, no measures or do not meet the security requirements of the Organization and not let students into the water目 录摘 要ABSTRACT第1章 绪论11.1 选题背景及意义11.2 在线式UPS概况11.3 不间断电源的发展趋势321.3.1 PWM软开关技术21.3.2 多电平技术31.3.3 并联技术31.3.4 低谐波、高精度输出技术31.3.5 数字化控制31.4 本文主要内容4第2章 逆变结构及控制实现52.1 模拟控制与数字控制52.2 单相逆变器结构52.3 变压的实现SPWM波62.4 采样型电压SPWM生成原理与控制算法8第3章 硬件系统设计133.1 电源的整体结构和工作原理133.2 电源系统的整体硬件架构143.2.1 主控芯片的选择143.2.2 系统电源143.2.3 时钟电路、复位电路及烧写接口电路163.2.4 开关管驱动电路163.2.5 采样及信号调理电路183.2.6 蓄电池切换及充电控制电路203.2.7 滤波输出电路213.3 印刷电路板制作243.3.1 Protel DXP 2004简介243.3.2系统印刷电路设计图24第4章 软件实现概要254.1 主控制程序254.2 PWM中断程序25第5章 实验结果及分析265.1 调试数据265.1.1 逆变输出265.1.2 负载调整率265.1.3 电压调整率275.1.4 蓄电池供电效率275.3 进一步工作研究285.3.1 发热问题285.3.2 升压问题295.3.3 采样问题29第6章 全文总结30参考文献31致谢33附 录3439浙江理工大学信息电子学院本科毕业论文(设计)第1章 绪论1.1 选题背景及意义随着计算机技术和信息技术的发展，在线式UPS愈来愈广泛应用于对所提供电能质量有高品质要求的高技术产品和设备。例如医疗生命维护系统、网络数据处理中心、银行结算中心等都要求供电网络能提供的优质交流电能。而实际的市网电网难以满足这些要求，这是因为造成电网污染的因素除了电压波动、频率变化外，还有来自电网外部、内部的各种噪声和干扰，它们主要有：电压浪涌、电压尖峰、电压瞬变、噪声电压、过压、电压跌落、持续低电压、电源中断等。UPS是开关电源的一种，它是电力电子领域极其重要的一个行业，近年来发展非常迅速，已经渗透到我们生活的各个方面，以后也会起着越来越重要的作用，因此对其进行研究具有重要的现实意义。UPS的电路拓扑主要以下四种：后备式、在线互动式、在线式、电压补偿在线式（Delta逆变器）。这四种结构的UPS各有其优缺点，就供电质量来说，在线式和双逆变电压补偿式UPS最好，在线互动式次之，后备式最差。4对于UPS整个系统架构，可以说逆变器是不间断电源系统的核心，决定着输出电压波形的质量。高性能数字信号处理的飞速发展，使得UPS的数字化控制更加精确，从而提高了整个UPS系统的稳定性和可靠性。随着信息化社会的发展，UPS广泛地应用于从信息采集、传送、处理、储存到应用的各个环节，其重要性随着信息应用的重要性日益提高而增加。正因为如此，本文将着重研究基于数字控制的在线式不间断电源。1.2 在线式UPS概况在线式又可称为双变换式，即市电输入到UPS输出先经过了AC/DC，然后又经过了DC/AC这样两次变换，其拓扑结构如图1.1所示。在市电正常情况下，市电输入交流电经过AC/DC变换得到需要的直流电，然后再通过逆变器将所得直流电逆变成正弦波交流电提供给负载。与此同时，输入交流电通过充电电路对蓄电池进行充电。当市电超出规定范围时，逆变器的输入自动切换到蓄电池上，由蓄电池供电，此时由蓄电池提供的直流电经过逆变器变换成正弦交流电供给负载。因此无论是市电正常时，还是市电异常由蓄电池逆变供电期间，逆变器始终处于工作状态，这就从根本上消除了电网电压波动和干扰对负载的影响，真正实现了对负载的无干扰、稳压、稳频以及零转换时间。图1-1 在线式UPS拓扑图显然，这种UPS在电路结构上比后备式UPS要复杂得多，由于采用了两次变换，大大改善了供电质量。可知其性能特点是：（1）不论市电正常与否，负载的全部功率都由逆变器给出。所以，在市电故障的瞬间，UPS的输出不会产生任何的间断；（2）输出电能质量高。由于UPS逆变器采用高频S删调制和输出波形反馈控制，可以向负载提供电压稳定度高、波形畸变率小、频率稳定以及动态响应速度快的高质量的供电电能；（3）全部负载功率都由逆变器提供，UPS的功率余量有限，输出能力不理想。所以，对负载提出限制条件，例如输出电流峰值系数(一般为3:1)、过载能力、输出功率因数(一般为0.7)等，输出有功功率小于标定的KVA数，克服冲击负载的能力较差；（4）整流器和逆变器都承担全部负载功率，整机效率低。1.3 不间断电源的发展趋势31.3.1 PWM软开关技术PWM软开关逆变技术是当今电力电子学领域最活跃的研究内容之一，是实现电力电子技术高频化的最佳途径，也是一项理论性很强的研究工作。它的研究对于逆变器性能的提高和进一步推广应用，以及对电力电子学技术的发展，都有十分重要的意义，是当前逆变器的发展方向之一。但这里必须指出，软开关并不是没有损耗的，它只是把开关器件本身的一部分开关损耗转移到了为实现软开关而附加的谐振电路中的谐振元件上，总量上可能有所减少。软开关逆变技术研究的重要目的之一是，实现PWM软开关技术，也就是将软开关技术引进到PWM逆变器中，使它既能保持原来的优点，又能实现软开关工作。为此，必须把LC与开关器件组成一个谐振网络，使PWM逆变器只有在开关切换过程中才产生谐振，实现开关的零电压开通和关断，一般工作情况下则不发生谐振，以保持PWM逆变器工作特点。1.3.2 多电平技术随着电力系统中非线性用电设备，尤其是电力电子装置应用的日益广泛，电力系统中的谐波污染问题也越来越严重，而大多数电力电子装置功率因数较低，也给电网带来额外负担，并影响了供电质量。因此抑制谐波和提高功率因数已成为电力电子技术和电力系统研究领域所面临的一个重大课题，正在受到越来越多的关注例。解决电力电子装置产生的谐波污染和低功率因数问题不外乎两种途径：一种是加装补偿装置，如有源滤波器、无功功率补偿器等，设法对谐波进行抑制并对无功进行补偿；另一种是对电力电子装置本身进行改进，使其不产生谐波也不消耗无功功率，或根据需要对其功率因数进行调节。后一种方法需要对现有电力电子设备进行大规模更新，代价较大，并且只适用于作为主要谐波源的电力电子装置，因此有一定的局限性。而前一种方法则适用于各种谐波源和低功率因数设备，并且方法简单，已得到广泛应用。1.3.3 并联技术电源系统的发展方向之一是用分布式电源系统代替集中式电源供电系统。和集中式电源系统相比，分布式电源具有以下优点：提高系统的灵活性，可将模块的开关频率提高到兆赫级，从而提高了模块的功率密度，使电源系统的体积、重量下降；各个模块的功率半导体的电流应力减小，提高了系统的可靠性；分布系统可方便的实现冗余；减少产品种类，便于标准化。1.3.4 低谐波、高精度输出技术开关电源技术近年来发展迅速，对低谐波、高精密电源需求也越来越多嗍。高精度、低谐波电源对保护用电设备、减小对电网的污染等方面都具有很大的作用。1.3.5 数字化控制电力电子变换器的数字控制是电力电子发展的趋势，也是现代逆变技术发展的趋势，目前国内期刊和国际会议已有很多的文献报道。虽然数字控制极大地简化了硬件电路，提高了系统的稳定性、可靠性和控制精度，但数控变换器在实际使用中还存在许多待解决的问题，例如：变换器开关动作对采样的严重干扰；检测的量化误差导致控制精度显著下降；高速运行下数字化脉宽调制时间分辨率的下降；开关功率变换器数字化的数学模型研究不够深入等。在很多实际应用的场合，往往采用模拟控制和数字界面。1.4 本文主要内容本文针对现有逆变器结构及控制策略进行了详细的分析与对比，经过比较，选用实际滤波效果较好的单相全桥逆变电路作为主电路拓扑结构，详细介绍了逆变器硬件控制及其他各单元硬件电路的设计，给出了软件系统流程图及产生SPWM波形方法。由于时间精力有限，未能用MATLAB软件建立系统仿真平台，进行有效性和可行性分析。第2章 逆变结构及控制实现逆变器是UPS的输出环节，负责将直流电能转换为用户所需的高质量的交流电，所以逆变器设计的好坏在UPS中至关重要。2.1 模拟控制与数字控制模拟控制技术的优点在于响应速度快，应用方式成熟，有比较规范的开发设计方法。但其也存在着诸多的缺点：（1）因采用大量的分散元件和电路板，导致硬件成本偏高，系统的可靠性下降；（2）由于人工调试器件的存在，导致生产效率降低及控制系统的一致性差；（3）器件老化及热漂移问题，导致逆变电源输出性能下降，甚至导致输出失败；（4）产品升级换代困难，对同一型号的模拟控制逆变电源，若不改动硬件，升级是不可能的，每一个新型的逆变电源都要求重新设计、制造控制系统；相比之下，采用高速微处理器来实现控制算法，能较好的解决上述问题，抗干扰能力也大大增强。同时能简化控制电路的设计、减少器件数目、降低成本，极大的缩短了开发时间。在当今竞争激烈的市场上，这一点尤为重要。2.2 单相逆变器结构单相逆变器的电路主要有，推挽逆变电路、半桥逆变电路、全桥逆变电路等。推挽逆变电路由于采用陶铁磁铁心（在高频率工作环境下，具有低功率的损失），其低的磁通密度值，只要小的直流偏压值，就会导致变压器趋向饱和，造成不平衡现象，容易使得功率管过电流。半桥式逆变器和全桥式逆变器在UPS中较为常用。由于半桥逆变器的一个桥臂由两个大电容构成，这就决定了它的输出功率有限，因此此种电路只适合于输出功率较小、直流母线电压较高的场合。全桥逆变器比较适合运用在大功率场合。半桥逆变器和全桥逆变器虽然在主电路拓扑上有所不同，但是它们的工作原理和控制方法大致相同，本文选择的主电路是全桥逆变电路，有必要对其大致工作原理进行介绍。如图2-1所示，UGl、UG2、UG3、UG4分别是四个功率管的驱动电压波形，UGl、UG3和UG2、UG4的波形是互补的。当UGl、UG3为高电平时，不妨设电流iL为正，G1、G3导通。电流流向为：电源正极GlLRCG3电源负极，此时电压为Uin。一段时间后UGl、UG3变为低电平，G1、G3关断，UG2、UG4电平变高。若电流iL为正，电流流向为：电源负极G2LRCG4电源正极，这时电压为-Uin；若电流iL为负,则电流流向为：电源正极T4RCLG2电源负极，这时电压为-Uin。所以逆变器输出波形为图2-2，它的平均电压如虚线。通过改变功率管驱动电压波形便可以得到成正弦变化的平均电压。13这就是下面要讨论的正弦波脉宽调制技术。图2-1 单相全桥逆变结构图2-2单相全桥逆变电路波形2.3 变压的实现SPWM波随着计算机进入控制领域，以及新型的电力电子功率元器件的不断出现，使采用全控型的开关功率元件进行脉宽调制（Pulse Width Modulation，PWM）控制方式已成为主流，这种方法在电机控制和电源逆变领域具有重要意义。PWM技术可以迅速的控制输出电压，动态响应好并可有效地抑制谐波，较之其它调压方式在输出电压质量和效率方面有着明显的优势，因而得到了广泛的应用，应用技术也日臻完善。PWM波根据产生方法的不同，可分为：矩形波PWM、正弦波PWM（SPWM）、按谐波抑制原理的PWM、自适应电流控制PWM四类，这四种方式各有优缺点，适用于各种不同的场合。本文的工作主要是针对在线式正弦波UPS逆变器。用脉宽调制PWM去控制功率管，逆变形成正弦波，在等宽矩形波的情况下是不能实现的，因为它存在许多高次谐波。一种方法就是将等宽的脉冲波变成宽度渐变的脉冲波，其宽度变化规律应符合正弦