基于虚拟现实的城市道路斑马线通行体验系统设计与实现.pdf.doc.doc

基于虚拟现实的城市道路斑马线通行体验系统设计与实现重庆大学硕士学位论文（专业学位）学生姓名：冯尚飞指导教师：梁山教授兼职教师：王洪刚高工学位类别：工程硕士（控制工程领域）重庆大学自动化学院二 O一四年四月 Design and Implementation of Urban Street Zebra Crossing Experience System Based on Virtual Reality A Thesis Submitted to ChongqingUniversityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement forProfessional DegreeByShangfei FengSupervised by Prof.Shan Liang Pluralistic Supervisor by Senior Eng.Honggang Wang Specialty：ME (Control Engineering) College of Automatic Control Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, April. 2014 重庆大学硕士学位论文中文摘要摘要随着我国国民经济的增长机动车数量快速增加，导致城市道路交通事故接连发生。面对一系列交通事故的发生，从未成年抓起、对未成年进行城市道路交通安全教育是解决上述问题的有效手段之一。针对未成年人道路交通安全教育需求，本文搭建了一个以虚拟现实为基础的城市道路斑马线交通通行体验平台，利用虚拟现实技术对城市道路斑马线交通流进行模拟，让未成年人零距离接受城市道路斑马线交通安全教育，提高未成年人自觉遵守斑马线交通法规的意识和自我保护能力。本文以重庆欧派信息科技公司项目为依托，对城市道路斑马线通行体验系统进行了设计和开发。论文的主要工作包括以下几个部分：介绍了选题背景及意义，讨论了虚拟现实技术在城市道路交通中的应用现状，然后根据当今城市道路斑马线交通流的实际情况对城市道路斑马线通行体验系统进行了需求分析；依照系统的需求分析和功能分析，对城市道路斑马线通行体验系统的系统构架、系统模块、开发流程以及软硬件进行了分析设计；利用 3DMax建立了城市道路、楼房、车辆等物体的运动学模型，利用Unity3d构建出斑马线交通通行体验虚拟场景，利用计算机技术、多媒体技术以及其他辅助硬件构建出了一个完整的斑马线通行体验架构，采用 VC+、C#语言和.NET框架以及 Unity3d平台对系统进行开发；系统着重对红绿信号灯控制模块、车辆运动控制模块、声音控制模块、画面控制效果模块等进行了设计，系统还利用 VC+、Socket网络编程开发了 PLC服务应用程序；根据系统的整体设计方案对系统硬件设备进行选型，并将系统部署在重庆市北部新区人和街道安全体验馆进行现场运行测试。经现场实施验证，斑马线通行体验系统能够满足设计需求。通过搭建虚拟现实的城市道路斑马线通行体验平台，在对未成年人道路交通安全教育方面起到巨大的推动作用，改变了传统的交通安全宣传方式，实现了斑马线交通安全教育效果的最大化，对城市道路交通安全性建设具有重大意义。关键字：斑马线，虚拟现实，Unity3D，通行体验I 重庆大学硕士学位论文英文摘要ABSTRACT Motor vehicles has been increasing in great quantity under the rapidlyimprovement of economic, and that leads to traffic accidents occur frequently. Facing aseries of traffic accidents, road safety education for minors is an effective way to solvethe problem. This paper builds an experience platform of zebra crossing traffic forminors traffic safety education based on virtual reality, the simulation of city roadcrossing traffic flow using virtual reality technology, let minors zero distance acceptcity road crossing traffic safety education, improve their awareness of complying withtraffic laws and regulations and self protect ability.According to the project of Chongqing oupai information technology company,this paper designs and implements of urban street zebra crossing experience systembased on virtual reality. The main work of the thesis and achievement are summed up asfollows:Firstly, in this paper, the background and significance were introduced; theapplication of virtual reality in safety traffic was discussed, and then analyzed the needsof system according to the actual zebra crossing traffic flow.Secondly, according to the analysis of demand and function, system architecture,system module, the development process and the software and hardware werepresented.Thirdly, the paper used 3DMax to establish the kinematics model of city roads,buildings, vehicles and other objects; used Unity3d to build a zebra crossing trafficexperience virtual scene; constructed a complete zebra crossing traffic experiencearchitecture by using computer technology, multimedia technology and other auxiliaryhardware; and the functions of system were implemented using VC+, C#, .NET, andUnity3d.Fourthly, the system focuses on the design of the red and green signal lamp controlmodule, vehicle motion control module, voice control module, picture control module,and also finished PLC service application using VC+,Socket network programming.Finally, the main equipments were selected based on the project, and the systemwas applied.According to implementation of the verification, the system could meet the designrequirement. Though building the experience platform of zebra crossing traffic, it willII 重庆大学硕士学位论文英文摘要provide a huge boost to minors traffic safety education, change the traditional way oftraffic safety publicity, and achieve maximum effect of the zebra crossing traffic safetyeducation, it also will be meaningful for the city traffic safety construction.Keywords: zebra crossing; virtual reality; Unity3D; pass experienceIII 重庆大学硕士学位论文目录目录中文摘要········································································································ I英文摘要······································································································· II1绪论············································································································11.1选题背景和意义 ··························································································11.1.1选题背景 ······························································································11.1.2选题意义 ······························································································21.2虚拟现实在道路交通中的应用现状 ··································································31.3论文主要目的及工作 ····················································································51.3.1论文目的 ······························································································51.3.2论文主要工作 ························································································51.4本章小结····································································································62相关技术分析····························································································72.1虚拟现实技术······························································································72.1.1虚拟现实的要素和特点 ·············································································72.1.2虚拟现实系统分类 ··················································································82.1.3虚拟现实的实现 ·····················································································82.1.4虚拟现实的发展趋势 ···············································································92.2虚拟现实软件···························································································· 102.2.1 3DMax································································································ 102.2.2 Unity3D······························································································· 112.3 .NET概述································································································· 122.4本章小结·································································································· 133系统需求分析·························································································· 153.1系统背景分析···························································································· 153.2系统需求分析···························································································· 163.2.1系统概述 ····························································································· 173.2.2系统功能 ····························································································· 183.2.3系统目标 ····························································································· 183.3本章小结 ·································································································· 194斑马线通行体验系统设计······································································ 204.1斑马线通行体验系统架构 ············································································ 20IV 重庆大学硕士学位论文目录4.1.1系统硬件结构 ······················································································· 204.1.2系统软件结构 ······················································································· 214.2系统虚拟现实设计 ······················································································ 224.2.1虚拟现实系统设计 ················································································· 224.2.2虚拟现实系统结构设计 ··········································································· 234.2.3系统场景仿真模块设计 ··········································································· 244.3斑马线通行体验系统硬件设计 ······································································ 284.3.1系统硬件选型 ······················································································· 284.3.2系统硬件电路设计 ················································································· 334.4斑马线通行体验系统功能流程设计 ································································· 334.4.1系统启动 ···························································································· 344.4.2系统运行 ···························································································· 354.4.3用户体验 ···························································································· 354.4.4系统复位 ···························································································· 384.5斑马线通行体验系统软件设计 ······································································ 384.5.1车辆运动控制设计 ················································································· 384.5.2音效控制设计 ······················································································· 394.5.3画面效果设计 ······················································································· 404.5.4交通信号灯控制设计 ·············································································· 414.6 PLCCOMServer设计·················································································· 434.7本章小结 ·································································································· 455斑马线通行体验系统实现······································································ 465.1系统简介及运行环境 ··················································································· 465.1.1系统简介 ····························································································· 465.1.2系统运行环境 ······················································································· 465.2系统实现 ·································································································· 465.2.1斑马线通行体验系统场景实现·································································· 465.2.2斑马线通行体验系统实现 ········································································ 475.3本章小结 ·································································································· 496结论和展望······························································································ 516.1论文总结及创新点 ····················································································· 516.2展望········································································································ 52致谢·············································································································· 53参考文献······································································································ 54V 重庆大学硕士学位论文1绪论1 绪论1.1选题背景和意义1.1.1选题背景近年来，我国国民经济的迅速发展推动着城市道路现代化建设的不断前进，机动车辆尤其是私家车的数量在大幅度的增加，数据表明我国每年车辆的增长幅度基本上在 15%1左右，大量机动车的出现给我国国民经济的增长带来了巨大的推动作用，然而随之出现的机动车道路交通安全问题也日益明显，严重影响了正常的交通秩序，危害着人民群众的正常生活、威胁着广大人民群众的生命财产安全。世界卫生组织统计数据显示，有史以来由于交通事故死亡的人数已达 3000万1，直接造成的经济损失为同期国民生产总值的 3%，而同期由于战争死亡的人数还远远低于这个数，这说明我国的城市道路交通安全性建设还存在一定的问题2。行人作为城市道路交通中的弱势群体更容易受到伤害，世界各国都将斑马线作为行人过马路的安全通道，就是要绝对保障行人过马路的安全。中国的道路交通安全法第四十七条明确规定：“机动车行经人行横道时，应当减速行驶，遇行人正在通过人行横道，应当停车让行 3。”但不幸的是在一些城市道路斑马线处交通事故却接连出现，每当看到媒体关于斑马线交通事故的报到时，就会让人心有余悸4。世界卫生组织组织统计的数据表明，在一连串触目惊心的交通事故中，发生在斑马线交通处的事故占所有交通事故的 1/3。如表 1.1所示5，2004年到 2008年发生在斑马线交通处的交通事故中行人的伤亡数量及比例。表 1.1 20042008斑马线交通事故中行人伤亡数及所占比例Table 1.1Casualties number and proportion of zebra crossing traffic accident in20042008年份20042005200620072008行人死亡人数占总数比例267412445123285211061891324.97%24.76%26.03%25.85%25.74%在这些众多的交通事故中，驾驶员驾驶不规范、酒后驾车、疲劳驾车是一个方面因素，但有的是因为人们不遵守交通规则横穿马路或肆意通过斑马线，这都是由于他们道路交通安全意识薄弱、缺乏应有的城市道路交通安全知识引起的。1 重庆大学硕士学位论文1绪论中华人们共和国道路交通安全法规定，从 2004年 5月 1日起各级政府部门要把城市道路交通安全宣传教育工作做好，重点是要做好对中小学未成年在校生的城市道路交通安全教育工作6，第六条还明确规定学校以及教育行政部门应将道路交通安全教育纳入到法制教育的范畴里面。由此可见，国家十分重视对人民群众尤其未成年在校生的道路交通安全教育。提高人民群众以及未成年在校生的城市道路交通安全意识、加强对他们的道路交通安全教育是减少城市道路交通事故发生的一项重要举措。另外对于政府部门来说，要建立健全的道路交通安全法律法规、加强科技投入的力度、加强交通执法的力度、加快城市道路的安全性建设、完善突发交通事故紧急处理系统7等等。目前我国道路交通安全宣传教育多采用张贴宣传标语、制作宣传橱窗、悬挂宣传横幅、在客运车站、乡镇人员集中场所播放宣传光盘等一系列的措施，这种形式的缺点就是互动性差、手段单一、参与性不够，宣传形式呆板5，起不到相应的道路交通安全教育宣传效果，在具有交互功能的体验式交通安全教育方面目前还处于空白阶段5。为了有效的遏制城市道路交通事故的发生、减少交通事故伤亡和损失，我们就必须在交通安全科普教育的内容、方式和模式上取得突破，从根本上提高人民群众尤其是未成年在校学生的城市道路交通安全意识，规范其交通行为。随着计算机技术和多媒体技术的迅速发展，把虚拟现实技术运用到对人们城市道路安全教育上已经得到了验证，起到了不错的效果。与其他宣传教育手段相比，这种虚拟现实系统的搭建对人们的交通安全教育具有明显的优势，能让人们沉浸在这种虚拟现实环境中，让其体验到闯红灯、违规通过斑马线、不遵守交通规则的惊险，给体验者深刻印象，具有较强的实用性。1.1.2选题意义为了减少我国城市道路交通事故发生、提高我国未成年人在校学生的城市道路道路交通安全意识，对未成年人在校学生进行相应的道路交通安全教育是很有必要的。一些相关数据和一些发达国家的实践也表明对人民群众以及未成年在校学生开展良好的城市道路交通安全教育可以有效的减少交通事故的发生。我国目前的现状只是针对机动车司机进行一些交通安全教育培训，对未成年在校学生道路交通安全方面的培训少之又少，培训办法也缺乏针对性。另外，我国的中小学安全教育方面的教材也是少之又少，教育方式比较单一，在社会上更是缺少针对行人的交通安全教育场所以及方式方法。可以说我国在对人民群众尤其是未成年在校学生的交通安全教育方面比较落后，这就在一定程度上引发了城市道路交通的混乱、人车并行混杂，这就成为了交通事故不断发生的关键因素。针对上述情况分析，本文针对未成年在校学生开发设计了基于虚拟现实的城2 重庆大学硕士学位论文1绪论市道路斑马线通行体验系统，向未成年在校学生进行斑马线交通安全知识宣传、进行城市道路斑马线交通安全教育、学习怎样正确的通过斑马线，体验违规过斑马线后发生事故后的惊险，让未成年在校学生在日常生活中更加注重城市道路斑马线交通安全问题，提高他们的城市道路斑马线交通安全意识，这对减少城市道路交通事故的发生具有一定的遏制作用，对构建社会主义和谐社会有着积极的推动作用。基于虚拟现实的城市道路斑马线通行体验系统对遏制城市道路交通事故的发生有一定的积极作用，该系统是利用虚拟现实技术对城市道路斑马线通行体验系统进行了软硬件设计以及场景搭建，对未成年在校学生进行城市道路斑马线交通安全教育，让其体验违规通过斑马线后发生事故的危险。运用虚拟现实技术能够更好地增加体验者的沉浸感、有身临其境的感觉，起到更好地教育意义，给体验者带来更真实、更准确的感受。由此说来，将虚拟现实技术运用到城市道路交通安全中必会有广阔的前景，这样行政教育部门、学校就可以修筑专门的城市道路安全教育体验场馆对人民群众尤其未成年在校学生进行正确的城市道路交通安全教育。1.2虚拟现实在道路交通中的应用现状在 20世纪 80年代，国外许多发达国家就引入了虚拟现实技术，并取得了不错的成绩8 9。目前，虚拟现实已经得到了广泛的应用，比如工业安全、城市规划、消防安全、休闲娱乐方面等等。目前为止，美国已经建立了超过 50个城市的虚拟系统，最著名的项目就是其虚拟洛杉矶系统15，该项目覆盖大约 1万平方英里，其精细的设计几乎遍布洛杉矶的所有大街小巷，为研究整个城市的发展规划提供了依据，另外还有 1996年开始制作的美国的费城模型、2001年完成的美国圣殿山虚拟模型；日本已 1998、1999连续两年举办名为“UrbanMutiMedia/3DMapping”国际学术会议进行虚拟现实技术的研究，瑞士的苏黎世的联邦工业大学在虚拟现实技术方面的应用也取得了较好的成绩。目前也有很多高校、公司在道路交通安全方面的也有着一定的研究，有许多大学都有自己专门的虚拟现实实验室，它们都验证了虚拟现实在交通安全教育中的适用性。在美国9 10 11 12Jodie M.Plumert的一次试验中，他把测试者分布在不同条件下的真实环境中，该虚拟现实环境有 3块长 10米、宽 8米的大屏幕组成，测试者在这样的环境下来辨识目标离自己的距离，实验结果表明，人们在虚拟现实环境中的意识和真实环境中一样，能够准确的分辨出自己所处的位置及距离目标点的位置。在 Robert J.Matheis另外一个实验室中，把不同职业的人放在同样的环境中办公，实验结果表明，虚拟现实环境下人的学习能力和真实环境中的没有明显的差异，人们接受事物的能力是差不多的，3 重庆大学硕士学位论文1绪论也即是虚拟现实环境对人们的接受能力没有大的影响。此外，在 David C.Schwebel实验室，一群年龄在 8到 16岁的儿童在虚拟现实环境中过马路，实验表明，虚拟现实应用在对未成年小朋友道路安全培训上是一个新颖的课题。另外在美国还有一个类似的研究，Melinda Congiu等人利用跟踪的方法对在虚拟现实环境下进行交通安全教育的儿童进行观察，试验共分为两组：一组是在课堂上对儿童进行教育安全知识的普及教育，一周后检查发现只有极少数学生能清楚