关键信息识别与浓缩.ppt

关键信息识别与浓缩,关键信息识别,信息单位:语句根据其信息分布情况分为信息单位,小句(clause)常被看作一个信息单位 信息焦点:每一个信息单位中必然有一个负载最重要信息的成分,即 “信息焦点”.它是说话人想要重点强调的信息,主要是新信息. 英语单句的焦点常在句子的尾部,即末尾焦点(end-focus)原则. 除焦点信息外,还有比较新的信息,称为重要信息 关键信息包括焦点信息和重要信息,主要指焦点信息,关键信息识别,E.g. A. That he has kept talking about the heavy traffic to explain why he was late again is obvious. B. It is obvious that he has kept talking about the heavy traffic to explain why he was late again. (信息焦点) A句比较累赘,听话人很难准确及时理解信息,而B句遵循了次重要信息(obvious)到重要信息(he was kept talking about the heavy traffic),再到最重要信息(to explain why he was late again)的逐渐深入的原则,相对容易理解.听话人在一定的旧信息基础上理解(半)新信息,最后理解焦点信息,符合人们的认知规律.,关键信息识别,一般情况下,除强调句和倒装句外,英语单句信息的分布顺序是:从一般到特定、从泛指到特指、从已知到未知、从次重要到重要、从旧信息到（半）新信息，再到信息焦点。,关键信息识别,E.g. Great efforts have been Great efforts have been made by Chinese central government Great efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make sure Great efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make sure that Chinese people can Great efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make sure that Chinese people can have universal access to Great efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make sure that Chinese people can have universal access to the medical services. 信息逐渐释放，但是直到最后才出现信息焦点： the medical services,关键信息识别,英语复句的信息分布情况： （1）递进关系复句的主要信息在后一个分句。 e.g China is not only an engine for Asian economy but also an engine for global economy （2）转折关系复句中，but复句主要信息在后一个分句，though/ although, nevertheless, however等复句，主要信息既可以前置，也可以后置，前置更常见。 e.g. He is young, but he has made so many achievements. she succeeded in the entrance examination though she did not work hard though. vs. Though she did not work hard enough, she succeeded in the entrance examination.,关键信息识别,（3）假设、让步、条件以及因果关系复句中，前置和后置都可以，但是前置更常见。 e.g. He resigned as his health was decaying. vs. As his health was decaying, he resigned. You should have avoided the mistake if you had taken your parents advice. vs. If you had taken your parents advice, you should have avoided the mistake. The president will remain calm and persevered no matter what difficulties he may encounter. vs. No matter what difficulties he may encounter, the president will remain calm and persevered. The European society is becoming a bit more chaotic as more and more immigrants are flocking in. vs. As more and more immigrants are flocking in, the European society is becoming a bit more chaotic.,关键信息识别,大多数情况下，英语复句中，主句在先从句在后，信息焦点位于主句信息分布顺序是：从结论到分析，从结果到原因，从假设到前提，即重心前置。英语复句信息焦点分布没有单句那么有规律性，但只要牢记信息焦点在主句，并进行大量相关听辩实践，就很容易获取关键信息。,句子信息分布与句子成分,英语单句中，主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语和状语都承载着不同的信息，其中前四种承载着大部分重要信息。 主语：要么引出主题，要么引出上文并未出现的新主题即新信息，要么重复上文提出过的新信息（此处为半新信息）； 宾语或补语对主语处的新信息或半新信息进行进一步说明、阐释、强调、归纳、分析等，从而产生本句内部真正的新信息； 谓语则连接主语和宾语，其信息含量相对较少，且可以通过主语、宾语推理出来 因此：四大成分所承载的信息重要程度依次是：宾语或补语，主语、谓语。（符合英语句子末尾焦点原则） 一般来说（除主谓句外），句子信息分为：次要信息（定语、谓语、状语）、重要信息（主语、定语、谓语、状语）和焦点信息（宾语、补语） E.g,句子信息分布与句子成分,Past experience demonstrates that a partnership between China and the United States is beneficial to both nations. The rapid growth of Chinas economy has brought opportunities and benefits to many countries, in particular the United States. Statistics show that among Chinas large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, large enterprises account for nearly 40 percent of the annual revenue. China aims to maintain average annual economic growth rate of 7.5% from 2006 to 2010.,句子信息分布与句子成分,To continue efforts to cool investment growth in some overheated sectors, the government has made macro-economic control a top priority. Governor Huang said Guangdong has one of the most dynamic marketplaces in China plus well-developed foreign trade, and is overall an attractive place to invest in. Hong Kong has a sound legal and regulatory system, which undoubtedly attracts a huge volume of investment from the mainland and overseas.,英语话语信息呈现规则,英语句子一般遵循末尾焦点原则，而本句的焦点信息即新信息到下文或许就成了半新信息或者重要信息而不再是焦点信息，从而引出更新信息，并以此类推。所以英语话语的信息呈现一般规则： 新信息I1 更新信息I2 (I2)或I3 (I3)I4 依此类推 句1 句2 信息转移,关键信息浓缩与信息储存,简化关键信息是口译记忆非常重要的一个操作,可以极大减轻译员储存负担从而提高口译效率 简化关键信息又成为关键信息浓缩,可以通过不同方式来完成. (1)可以用简化了的语言符号、数学符号、标点符号和特殊符号来完成，这些符号可以是大脑中的，也可以是书面的。 E.g. Chinas progress has aroused some fear in the world community. Some countries led by the United States are concerned about how China will use its ever-increasing strength. 关键信息可以浓缩为：中或C 美或US担或worry,关键信息浓缩与信息储存,（2）可以借助大脑中的意象进行记忆。 E.g The 15-year period following the Cold War has demonstrated that if China and the United States co-operate with each other, they not only find significant common interests on the strategic level but also realize conditions of mutual benefit in respective economic development. 本例可以通过形象化来记忆关键信息，即中美合作的情景以及给双方带来的经济战略利益的相关图画；也可以选择符号记忆或记录，如 中美合 经战略,关键信息浓缩与信息储存,经过符号或意象浓缩过的信息，在大脑或记录纸上起到的是trigger（记忆启动机制或记忆支点）的作用，即可以激起或释放整个意群的信息。 选择什么形式的trigger会因人而异，只要可以起到激起整个意群的作用，无论是什么符号或者什么意象都是可以的。 在口译过程中，译员将听到的信息中关键部分浓缩为不同的trigger进行记忆或记录，然后再通过这些记忆支点（triggers)释放或激起译员对源语的理解或记忆，从而进行信息输出即口译。,练 习,练习一：听下列英语句子，在大脑中呈现出每个句子的关键信息。 artifact 手工制品 partisan 党派的 Fossil fuels 化石燃料 rectify 矫正，调整 Eco-friendly vehicles 环保汽车 a 26 0C energy-saving campaign 一场倡导26度空调温度的节能运动 Maglev line 磁悬浮线路 Resumption of uranium enrichment 浓缩铀活动重启,练 习,练习二 听下列英语句子或段落，识别出不同类型的信息，并根据信息的重要性在纸上将之依次列出，即从焦点信息到重要信息再到次要信息。 Pandemic （大范围）传染病的；大流行病的 IPR abbr. (Intellectual Property Right)知识产权 R&D (Research and Development)研究与开发 Infringement 违反，侵害 whitewash 粉饰，掩饰 Spectrum 范围，领域，系列,练 习,练习三 、四：听下列英语句子或段落，在大脑中通过符号或意向呈现每段材料的关键信息 Emblem n. 象征,符号 inaugural n.开始的,就职的 Surveillance n. 监视,监督 Flock vi.聚集成群 Duly adv. 正当地，适当地，及时地，按时地 Undermine vt.在下面掘地道;削弱的基础;暗中破坏 Align vt. 排成一行，结盟 Rally v. 重整旗鼓，团结，集结 Clamp down（常与on连用）严办，取缔，取缔犯罪活动 fraud n. 欺骗，欺诈 Rampant adj. 猖狂的，猖獗的 disruption n.中断，分裂，瓦解，破坏 By default 由于疏忽,