动机与工作.ppt

Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 12 Motivation and Work,Motivation,Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned,Motivation,Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need,Motivation,Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level Incentive a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior,Maslows Hierarchy of Needs,begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active,Self-actualization needs Need to live up to ones fullest and unique potential,Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others,Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable,Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation,Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst,Motivation-Hunger,Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger,Motivation-Hunger,Glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood provides the major source of energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel hunger,Motivation-Hunger,Set Point the point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight Basal Metabolic Rate bodys base rate of energy expenditure,Motivation-Hunger,The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions,Motivation-Hunger,Eating Disorders,Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve usually an adolescent female Bulimia Nervosa disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise,Womens Body Images,Sexual Motivation,Sex a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values Sexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement plateau orgasm resolution,Sexual Motivation,Refractory Period resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm Estrogen a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males,Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation,Sexual Motivation,Same drives, different attitudes,Sexual Motivation,Births to unwed parents,Sexual Motivation,Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either ones own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation),Sexual Motivation,Sexual Motivation,Motivation at Work,Flow a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of ones skills Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces,Motivation at Work,Personnel Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development Organizational Psychology Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change,Motivation at Work,Motivation at Work,Structured Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants rated on established scales Achievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard,Motivation at Work,Personnel psychologists tasks,Motivation at Work,360-degree feedback,Motivation at Work,On the right path,Motivation,Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support,Motivation,Theory X assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money workers should be directed from above Theory Y assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity,