托福TPO28阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析.pdf

为了帮助大家高效备考托福， 为大家带来托福 TPO28 阅读 Passage3 原文文本+题目+答案 解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub.A male deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark(outer layer)of a small tree with its antlers.When completed,the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area.A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer(one meter or less above the ground)on a smooth-barked,small- diameter(16-25 millimeters)tree.The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States. 一个表示白尾鹿在小树林中存在的显著标志是雄鹿擦痕。雄鹿利用鹿角剥除小树的树皮 以制造雄鹿擦痕。完工后，雄鹿擦痕对我们来说是一道明显的标志，对当地的其它鹿来说也 可能如此。 擦痕常与鹿肩齐高(距地面一米或不到一米)， 并位于树皮光滑、 树径较细(16-25cm) 的树上。美国中东部森林中的树皮光滑的红色小枫树是雄鹿擦痕的理想物种。 Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outer velvet layer is being shed from their antlers.Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season(the rut).Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut.However,biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub,which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer. 成年雄鹿通常在夏末或秋初当它们的鹿茸上的外皮脱落时制造擦痕。雄鹿差不多在它们 交配期(发情期)的前一到两个月制造擦痕。因此长期以来，生物学家们认为雄鹿擦痕不仅可 以清除并磨光鹿茸，还可以借此练习发情期时雄鹿之间的角斗。然而，生物学家们也认识到 鹿会嗅和舔舐陌生的擦痕，这表明这种小树上的视觉记号在鹿群社会生活中起到重要的交流 目的。 Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made.These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer.The importance of olfactory communication(using odors to communicate)in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago,which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs,especially as autumn approached.A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut.It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub,it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction.This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer;the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage(hairy covering)of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger males. 雄鹿擦痕都有一种由雄鹿前额上的腺体分泌的气味，它在制造擦痕时涂抹到树上。这些 气味使得雄鹿擦痕成为鹿与鹿之间重要的嗅觉交流方式。嗅觉交流(利用气味交流)在鹿群生 活中的重要性可以通过几十年前一项对圈禁的雄鹿的研究得以印证。研究发现，特别是当秋 天将近时，雄鹿就将其前额在树枝上蹭来蹭去。十年后的另一项研究发现成年雄性白尾鹿在 其发情期或发情期前会摩擦其前额。当白尾鹿制造擦痕时，它将其鹿茸和前额腺体在小树上 垂直磨蹭。这种前额的磨蹭行为和雄鹿前额上散发气味的腺体的异常活跃一致。该腺体活动 导致成年雄鹿的前额皮毛比雌鹿或未成年鹿的暗很多。 Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species.First,the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal;no two mammals produce the same scent.For instance,as we all know,dogs recognize each other via smell.Second,because only male deer rub,the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub.Third,older,more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub.Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older,higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area.The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species,such as trumpeting by bull elk. 雄鹿前额在擦痕上的摩擦很可能向同类中的其它成员发出了大量信息。首先擦痕上残留 的化学物质提供了一只动物的个体信息。没有两只气味相同的哺乳动物。就如我们熟知的那 样，狗就是通过气味区别彼此的。第二，因为只有雄鹿制造擦痕，所以擦痕及其携带的化学 物质表示了制造擦痕的鹿的性别信息。 第三， 年龄更大、 更具统治地位的雄鹿制造的擦痕更多， 而且其分泌在擦痕上的气味分泌物很可能也更多。因此大量的标记得很好的擦痕的出现表明 年龄较大、地位较高的雄鹿就在附近，而不仅只是粗略的说明了该区域鹿群的相对丰度。雄 鹿擦痕上的气味记号所携带的信息使它成为与其它种类鹿群中的某些声音信号，比如雄性麋 鹿的叫声，同等重要。 Because both sexes of white-tailed respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them,rubs may serve a very important additional function.Fresher buck rubs(less than two days old),in particular,are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs.In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs.This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer,especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut.Another visual signal produced by while-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape.Scrapes consist of a clearing(about 0.5 meter in diameter)and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground;after making the scrape,the deer typically urinates in the depression.Thus,like a buck rub,a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal.Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn,which is just before or during the rut.Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places,such as along a deer trail.Most are made by older males,although females and younger males(2.5 years old or less)occasionally make scrapes 因为雄性和雌性白尾鹿都会嗅和舔舐雄鹿擦痕，所以这些擦痕还有一个重要的功能。特 别的，新鲜擦痕(两天以内制造的)要比更久远的擦痕受到更多关注。这种行为表明新鲜擦痕 上的化学物质可能有助于从生理上诱导并让关注这些擦痕的雌鹿同时受孕。这对分布广泛的 鹿群显然是一个有利条件，尤其对秋天发情期中一只处于较高社会统治地位的同时向几只成 年雌鹿求爱的雄鹿而言。由白尾鹿制造的另一种视觉记号叫做雄鹿窝。雄鹿窝是一个通过将 地面上的树叶推开而产生的干净而较浅的低坑(直径约 0.5m)。雄鹿窝制造完成后，鹿通常会 在低坑里小便。因此，像雄鹿擦痕一样，雄鹿窝既是视觉上的也是嗅觉上的记号。雄鹿窝通 常在秋天树叶落下后，雄鹿发情期或之前出现。雄鹿窝常位于开阔或显眼的位置，比如沿着 鹿的行动路线。绝大部分雄鹿窝由年龄更大的雄鹿制造，但有些雌鹿和年轻雄鹿(2.5 年或更 年轻)偶尔也制造雄鹿窝。 托福阅读试题 1.The word“conspicuous“in thepassage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to A.noticeable. B.common. C.strange. D.particular. 1.这里说一个 XX 的标志可以说明白尾鹿的存在。再往后，第三句有一个同意的句子，说 “the buck rub is an obviousvisual signal to us“由此可得出conspicuous是obvious 的 同义词。因此选 A.noticeable，引人注意的。B，C，D 分别是常见的;奇怪的;特别的。 2.According to paragraph 1,why are small red maple trees ideal for buckrubs? A.They have smooth bark. B.They are found in the mid-eastern United States. C.They grow very slowly. D.They tend to grow in open spaces. 2.根据 small red maple tree 定位(红色字标出)，而这句话的主语其是“The smooth bark“因此知道 they have smooth bark 才是成为理想对象的重要条件。 3.The studies of forehead rubbing by deer described in paragraph 3 showed that A.forehead rubbing encourages the growth of antlers. B.mule deer and white-tailed deer behave differently during the rut. C.the rut can occur at different times of the year. D.deer convey important information through scent. 3.根据 forehead 定位到这段的第一句。这句说会留下气味，后一句说了气味的作用是 communication。所以 D 符合。 4.The word“exhibited“in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to A.relied on. B.increased. C.displayed. D.preferred. 4.Exhibited 是展现， 出现的意思。 A 是依靠;B 是增加;C 是展示;D 是宁愿。 因此 C 符合。 这句话的含义可以从前文中推断。因为前面几段也都提到了说雄性鹿是在发情期的时候会用 角去摩擦树皮。所以这里应该是“出现“的意思。 5.Why does the author mention that“dogs recognize each other via smell“? A.To point out the similarities between dogs and deer. B.To argue that animals communicate through scent rather than through vision. C.To support the claim that the scent of a buck rub serves to identify its maker to otherdeer. D.To suggest that buck rubs can be detected by other species. 5.这句话是由 for instance 引出的。 那么如果要找这个例子的目的， 要到前面去找论点。 这一段的总论点，就是第一句话，主要是“send information to other members“;first 后面 是第一个分论点。所以答案应该跟这两句有关。因此选 C 气味可以帮助 identify。 6.The word“crude“in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to A.rough. B.useful. C.necessary. D.obvious. 6.这里说是 simply 被怎样量。如果是简单的量一下的话，应该是比较粗略的，crude 是 粗糙的。A 粗糙的;B 有用的;C 必要的;D 明显的。所以应该选 A。 7.What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk? A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of theirspecies. B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to convey information abouttheir identity. C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity. D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do. 7.根据 trumpeting of bull elk 定位到这一段最后一句(红色标出)。这里 trumpeting by bull elk 是个例子，那么要想知道在描述什么，还要往前找。前面一句话说雄鹿摩擦嗅觉 传递的信息在社交中与其他鹿的种族的听觉信号起到了同样的作用。但是这种作用又是什么 呢?继续往前找。 可以看到说 well-marked rub isindicative of older， higher-status male。 信息完整之后很容易得到 A 的答案。 8.According to paragraph 4,the buck rubs occurring in a given area revealall of thefollowing information about deer EXCEPT A.the individual identity of the deer. B.the gender of the deer. C.the likely social status of the deer. D.the number of deer in the vicinity. 8.对应部分已经分别用红色字体标出。 虽然原文有提到 D 中间的词 vicinity 但是和原文 不附的是， 原文说的是general vicinity， 而不是具体的number。 这个题基本上跟随着first， second，third 就可以找答案，因为本段的主题就是在描述这个 buck rub 的作用。 9.The word“induce“in the passage(paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to A.increase. B.extend. C.delay. D.stimulate. 9.Induce 本身是引导， 引发。 并且这里出现了 and 的并列形式， 所以前后词义应该相近， 后边是使配合，使同步。前面如果用增加，延伸，延期都不合适。因此选择 D 刺激。 10.According to paragraph 5,which of the following is true about chemicals in buckrubs? A.They have to be at least two days old for females to be able to detect them. B.They are more effective in older buck rubs than in fresher ones. C.They may affect fertility in female deer. D.They can be more easily detected by young males than adult females. 10.根据 chemical 定位(红色标出)，这句后面说物理上引导并使受精同步。因此 C 符合。A 原文第二句提到了，但原文说的是要 less than 2 day 和选项相反。B 原文说的是 fresh buck rubs 更受欢迎。D 这段提到的 rub being detected 都是关于 females。 11.The word“termed“in the passage(paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to A.associated with. B.visible as. C.known as. D.provided by. 11.这个词前面给出了一个描述，后面是一个术语，名词。那么可以由此推断这句话是一 个定义。因此应该是被叫做，被定义为的意思。所以选 C。 12.According to the passage,in what way do buck scrapes differ from buckrubs? A.Buck scrapes are made by both male and female deer. B.Buck scrapes are purely visual signals. C.Buck scrapes are made closer to the breeding season than buck rubs. D.Buck scrapes can be smelled only by deer. 12.对应部分由红色字体标出。A 正确，因为根据前文知道 rub 只是由 male 造成的，而 scrapes 是雌雄都可以的。B 和原文不附，对应这段中间的地方，说到了 both visual and olfactory signal。C 这个也没有明显区分，scrapes 和 buck rubs 都是在秋天做的，before or during the rut。 13.Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?This process can take a fewhours to several days. A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub.【A】A make deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark(outer layer)of a small tree with itsantlers.【B】When completed,the buck rubis an obvious visual signal to us andpresumable to other deer in the area.【C】Arub is usually located at the shoulder height of adeer(one meter or less above the ground)on a smooth- barked,small-diameter(16-25millimeters)tree.【D】The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal forbuck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States. 13.B 14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong inthe summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points. Buck rubs and buck scrapes are two types of markings made by white-tailed deer. A.The observation that deer sniff and lick buck rubs first led scientists to connect buck rubswith combat between adult males during the breeding season. B.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are visual signals and smells that deer use to communicate avariety of information to other deer. C.The number of buck rubs and buck scrapes in a given area changes as the density of thepopulation of male deer in the area changes. D.As they rub the bark from trees,male deer leave behind chemicals produced by the glands intheir foreheads,creating a scent that other deer can detect. E.The height of a buck rub,the type of tree used,and the direction in which the deer appliesthe rub can give different kinds of information to other deer. F.Buck rubs are created close to the breeding season of deer and may affect the timing offertility in the female deer that visit the rubs. 14.A 对应原文第二段的两个 scientists 的观点。但两者并没有这样的逻辑关系。因此 不选。B 正确，对应原文第四段。说 rubs 可以帮助 identify。C 正确，对应原文最后一段。D 文章中已经对 height，types oftree，direction 有了明确的描写。Information 的区别是由 气味传递的。因此此选项不对，不选。E 文章并没有提到相关的内容。F 正确，对应原文第五 段，里面出现的 help physiologically induce andsynchronize fertility in females。 以上是给大家整理的托福 TPO28 阅读 Passage3 原文文本+题目+答案解析， 希望对你有所 帮助!