LS-DYNA有限元分析程序英文资料.pdf

LS-DYNA KEYWORD USER'S MANUAL VOLUME I March 2001 Version 960 Copyright © 1992-2001 LIVERMORE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION All Rights Reserved Mailing Address: Livermore Software Technology Corporation 2876 Waverley Way Livermore, California 94550-1740 Support Address: Livermore Software Technology Corporation 7374 Las Positas Road Livermore, California 94550 TEL: 925-449-2500 FAX: 925-449-2507 EMAIL: saleslstc.com Copyright © 1992-2001 by Livermore Software Technology Corporation All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LS-DYNA Version 960i TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I INTRODUCTION I.1 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY I.1 DESCRIPTION OF KEYWORD INPUT. I.12 MATERIAL MODELS. I.21 SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION. I.22 CONTACT-IMPACT INTERFACES I.25 INTERFACE DEFINITIONS FOR COMPONENT ANALYSIS I.26 CAPACITY I.26 SENSE SWITCH CONTROLS I.26 PRECISION. I.27 EXECUTION SYNTAX. I.27 RESTART ANALYSIS I.31 VDA/IGES DATABASES. I.32 MESH GENERATION. I.32 LS-POST I.33 EXECUTION SPEEDS I.35 UNITS I.36 GENERAL CARD FORMAT I.36 *AIRBAG. 1.1 *AIRBAG_OPTION1_OPTION2_OPTION3_. 1.1 *AIRBAG_INTERACTION 1.40 *AIRBAG_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY_OPTION_OPTION. 1.42 *ALE 2.1 *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP 2.2 *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE 2.4 *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP 2.6 *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE. 2.9 *ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH. 2.11 *ALE_SMOOTHING 2.13 TABLE OF CONTENTS iiLS-DYNA Version 960 *BOUNDARY 3.1 *BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_COUPLING 3.2 *BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS 3.3 *BOUNDARY_CONVECTION_OPTION 3.4 *BOUNDARY_CYCLIC. 3.6 *BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_OPTION 3.8 *BOUNDARY_FLUX_OPTION 3.19 *BOUNDARY_MCOL 3.22 *BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING. 3.24 *BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING_2D. 3.25 *BOUNDARY_OUTFLOW_CFD_OPTION 3.27 *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_CFD_OPTION 3.29 *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_OPTION. 3.31 *BOUNDARY_PRESSURE_CFD_SET. 3.35 *BOUNDARY_PRESSURE_OUTFLOW_OPTION 3.37 *BOUNDARY_RADIATION_OPTION 3.39 *BOUNDARY_SLIDING_PLANE. 3.43 *BOUNDARY_SPC_OPTION 3.44 *BOUNDARY_SYMMETRY_FAILURE. 3.46 *BOUNDARY_TEMPERATURE_OPTION 3.47 *BOUNDARY_THERMAL_WELD. 3.48 *BOUNDARY_USA_SURFACE 3.51 *COMPONENT 4.1 *COMPONENT_GEBOD_OPTION 4.2 *COMPONENT_GEBOD_JOINT_OPTION. 4.4 *COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII. 4.8 *COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII_JOINT_OPTION 4.10 *CONSTRAINED . 5.1 *CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY 5.2 *CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES_OPTION. 5.3 *CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_OPTION. 5.5 *CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL 5.18 *CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION. 5.20 *CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION_OPTION 5.24 *CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION . 5.34 TABLE OF CONTENTS LS-DYNA Version 960iii *CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID 5.44 *CONSTRAINED_LINEAR. 5.47 *CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY_OPTION 5.50 *CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET 5.55 *CONSTRAINED_POINTS. 5.57 *CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES 5.59 *CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS. 5.61 *CONSTRAINED_RIVET. 5.64 *CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID. 5.66 *CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD_OPTION. 5.68 *CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK 5.72 *CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE. 5.73 *CONTACT 6.1 *CONTACT_OPTION1_OPTION2_OPTION3_OPTION4 6.2 *CONTACT_ENTITY. 6.38 *CONTACT_GEBOD_OPTION 6.47 *CONTACT_INTERIOR. 6.50 *CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE 6.52 *CONTACT_1D 6.55 *CONTACT_2D_OPTION1_OPTION2_OPTION3. 6.56 *CONTROL 7.1 *CONTROL_ACCURACY 7.3 *CONTROL_ADAPSTEP. 7.5 *CONTROL_ADAPTIVE 7.6 *CONTROL_ALE 7.10 *CONTROL_BULK_VISCOSITY. 7.12 *CONTROL_CFD_AUTO. 7.13 *CONTROL_CFD_GENERAL. 7.15 *CONTROL_CFD_MOMENTUM 7.17 *CONTROL_CFD_PRESSURE. 7.20 *CONTROL_CFD_TRANSPORT 7.22 *CONTROL_CFD_TURBULENCE 7.26 *CONTROL_COARSEN. 7.27 *CONTROL_CONTACT. 7.29 *CONTROL_COUPLING 7.34 TABLE OF CONTENTS ivLS-DYNA Version 960 *CONTROL_CPU 7.36 *CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION 7.37 *CONTROL_ENERGY. 7.39 *CONTROL_EXPLOSIVE_SHADOW. 7.40 *CONTROL_HOURGLASS_OPTION 7.41 *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO 7.43 *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS. 7.45 *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE 7.47 *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL. 7.49 *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION 7.51 *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER 7.55 *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION 7.58 *CONTROL_NONLOCAL. 7.59 *CONTROL_OUTPUT 7.60 *CONTROL_PARALLEL 7.62 *CONTROL_REMESHING. 7.64 *CONTROL_RIGID 7.65 *CONTROL_SHELL 7.67 *CONTROL_SOLID. 7.71 *CONTROL_SOLUTION 7.72 *CONTROL_SPH 7.73 *CONTROL_STRUCTURED_OPTION 7.74 *CONTROL_SUBCYCLE. 7.75 *CONTROL_TERMINATION 7.76 *CONTROL_THERMAL_NONLINEAR 7.77 *CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER 7.78 *CONTROL_THERMAL_TIMESTEP. 7.80 *CONTROL_TIMESTEP. 7.81 *DAMPING 8.1 *DAMPING_GLOBAL. 8.1 *DAMPING_PART_MASS 8.3 *DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS 8.5 *CONTROL_RELATIVE 8.7 *DATABASE. 9.1 *DATABASE_OPTION 9.2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LS-DYNA Version 960v *DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION. 9.7 *DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION_OPTION 9.10 *DATABASE_EXTENT_OPTION 9.14 *DATABASE_FORMAT. 9.21 *DATABASE_HISTORY_OPTION. 9.22 *DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP 9.24 *DATABASE_SPRING_FORWARD 9.25 *DATABASE_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING. 9.26 *DATABASE_TRACER. 9.27 *DEFINE 10.1 *DEFINE_BOX 10.2 *DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE 10.3 *DEFINE_BOX_COARSEN 10.5 *DEFINE_BOX_DRAWBEAD. 10.6 *DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES 10.7 *DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM 10.8 *DEFINE_COORDINATE_VECTOR 10.10 *DEFINE_CURVE. 10.11 *DEFINE_CURVE_FEEDBACK 10.13 *DEFINE_CURVE_SMOOTH. 10.16 *DEFINE_CURVE_TRIM. 10.18 *DEFINE_SD_ORIENTATION 10.21 *DEFINE_TABLE 10.23 *DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION 10.25 *DEFINE_VECTOR. 10.29 *DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID 11.1 *DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID. 11.2 *DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_AUTOMATIC. 11.3 *DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_INERTIA 11.7 *ELEMENT . 12.1 *ELEMENT_BEAM_OPTION. 12.2 *ELEMENT_DIRECT_MATRIX_INPUT. 12.8 *ELEMENT_DISCRETE. 12.10 *ELEMENT_INERTIA 12.11 *ELEMENT_MASS. 12.13 TABLE OF CONTENTS viLS-DYNA Version 960 *ELEMENT_SEATBELT. 12.14 *ELEMENT_SEATBELT_ACCELEROMETER 12.15 *ELEMENT_SEATBELT_PRETENSIONER 12.16 *ELEMENT_SEATBELT_RETRACTOR. 12.18 *ELEMENT_SEATBELT_SENSOR 12.24 *ELEMENT_SEATBELT_SLIPRING 12.28 *ELEMENT_SHELL_OPTION 12.30 *ELEMENT_SOLID_OPTION. 12.34 *ELEMENT_SPH. 12.39 *ELEMENT_TRIM. 12.40 *ELEMENT_TSHELL. 12.41 *EOS. 13.1 *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL. 13.2 *EOS_JWL 13.4 *EOS_SACK_TUESDAY 13.5 *EOS_GRUNEISEN. 13.6 *EOS_RATIO_OF_POLYNOMIALS. 13.8 *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL_WITH_ENERGY_LEAK. 13.12 *EOS_IGNITION_AND_GROWTH_OF_REACTION_IN_HE 13.14 *EOS_TABULATED_COMPACTION. 13.18 *EOS_TABULATED. 13.20 *EOS_PROPELLANT_DEFLAGRATION 13.22 *EOS_TENSOR_PORE_COLLAPSE 13.27 *EOS_JWLB 13.30 *HOURGLASS . 14.1 *HOURGLASS 14.1 *INCLUDE 15.1 *INCLUDE_OPTION. 15.1 *INITIAL 16.1 *INITIAL_CFD 16.2 *INITIAL_DETONATION 16.4 *INITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY 16.7 *INITIAL_MOMENTUM. 16.8 *INITIAL_STRAIN_SHELL. 16.9 TABLE OF CONTENTS LS-DYNA Version 960vii *INITIAL_STRESS_BEAM. 16.10 *INITIAL_STRESS_SHELL 16.12 *INITIAL_STRESS_SOLID. 16.14 *INITIAL_TEMPERATURE_OPTION 16.16 *INITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS 16.17 *INITIAL_VELOCITY 16.20 *INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE. 16.22 *INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION. 16.23 *INITIAL_VOID_OPTION. 16.25 *INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION 16.26 *INTEGRATION. 17.1 *INTEGRATION_BEAM. 17.1 *INTEGRATION_SHELL 17.6 *INTERFACE 18.1 *INTERFACE_COMPONENT_OPTION. 18.1 *INTERFACE_LINKING_DISCRETE_NODE_OPTION 18.2 *INTERFACE_LINKING_SEGMENT. 18.3 *INTERFACE_LINKING_EDGE 18.4 *INTERFACE_JOY 18.5 *INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_OPTION1_OPTION2 18.6 *LOAD. 19.1 *LOAD_BEAM_OPTION 19.2 *LOAD_BLAST. 19.4 *LOAD_BODY_OPTION 19.6 *LOAD_BODY_GENERALIZED 19.10 *LOAD_BRODE 19.12 *LOAD_DENSITY_DEPTH. 19.14 *LOAD_HEAT_GENERATION_OPTION 19.16 *LOAD_MASK. 19.17 *LOAD_NODE_OPTION 19.19 *LOAD_RIGID_BODY. 19.22 *LOAD_SEGMENT. 19.24 *LOAD_SEGMENT_SET 19.26 *LOAD_SHELL_OPTION. 19.28 TABLE OF CONTENTS viiiLS-DYNA Version 960 *LOAD_SSA. 19.30 *LOAD_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING 19.33 *LOAD_THERMAL_OPTION 19.35 *NODE. 20.1 *NODE. 20.2 *NODE_RIGID_SURFACE. 20.4 *PART. 21.1 *PART_OPTION1_OPTION2_OPTION3_OPTION4. 21.2 *PART_MODES 21.10 *PART_MOVE 21.13 *RIGIDWALL. 22.1 *RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRIC_OPTION_OPTION. 22.2 *RIGIDWALL_PLANAR_OPTION_OPTION_OPTION 22.12 *SECTION 23.1 *SECTION_BEAM. 23.2 *SECTION_DISCRETE 23.8 *SECTION_SEATBELT 23.11 *SECTION_SHELL_OPTION 23.12 *SECTION_SOLID_OPTION 23.20 *SECTION_SPH 23.24 *SECTION_TSHELL 23.25 *SET . 24.1 *SET_BEAM_OPTION. 24.2 *SET_DISCRETE_OPTION 24.5 *SET_NODE_OPTION 24.8 *SET_PART_OPTION 24.12 *SET_SEGMENT_OPTION 24.15 *SET_SHELL_OPTION 24.19 *SET_SOLID_OPTION 24.23 *SET_TSHELL_OPTION 24.26 *TERMINATION. 25.1 *TERMINATION_NODE. 25.2 *TERMINATION_BODY. 25.3 *TERMINATION_CONTACT 25.4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LS-DYNA Version 960ix *TITLE 26.1 *TITLE. 26.1 *TRANSLATE 27.1 *TRANSLATE_ANSYS_OPTION 27.1 *TRANSLATE_IDEAS_OPTION. 27.3 *TRANSLATE_NASTRAN. 27.5 *USER. 28.1 *USER_INTERFACE_OPTION. 28.1 *USER_LOADING. 28.3 RESTART INPUT DATA. 29.1 *CHANGE_OPTION 29.3 *CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION 29.16 *CONTROL_TERMINATION 29.18 *CONTROL_TIMESTEP 29.19 *DAMPING_GLOBAL 29.20 *DATABASE_OPTION. 29.21 *DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION. 29.23 *DELETE_OPTION 29.24 *INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK. 29.26 *RIGID_DEFORMABLE_OPTION. 29.28 *STRESS_INITIALIZATION_OPTION. 29.31 *TERMINATION_OPTION. 29.34 *TITLE. 29.36 Volume II *MAT 1 *MAT_ADD_EROSION. 13 *MAT_NONLOCAL 15 *MAT_ELASTIC_OPTION 19 *MAT_OPTION TROPIC_ELASTIC. 22 *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC 28 *MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_THERMAL. 31 *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM 34 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS xLS-DYNA Version 960 *MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER 39 *MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN. 40 *MAT_NULL 43 *MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO_OPTION 45 *MAT_STEINBERG. 49 *MAT_STEINBERG_LUND 53 *MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC. 56 *MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_FAILURE. 57 *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE 59 *MAT_JOHNSON_COOK. 60 *MAT_PSEUDO_TENSOR . 64 *MAT_ORIENTED_CRACK. 72 *MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY 74 *MAT_STRAIN_RATE_DEPENDENT_PLASTICITY. 76 *MAT_RIGID 79 *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_THERMAL 83 *MAT_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE 87 *MAT_TEMPERATURE_DEPENDENT_ORTHOTROPIC. 91 *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY. 96 *MAT_GEOLOGIC_CAP_MODEL 100 *MAT_HONEYCOMB. 106 *MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER. 113 *MAT_RESULTANT_PLASTICITY 116 *MAT_FORCE_LIMITED 117 *MAT_SHAPE_MEMORY. 123 *MAT_FRAZER_NASH_RUBBER_MODEL 127 *MAT_LAMINATED_GLASS 130 *MAT_BARLAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTICITY. 132 *MAT_BARLAT_YLD96. 135 *MAT_FABRIC 139 *MAT_PLASTIC_GREEN-NAGHDI_RATE 144 *MAT_3-PARAMETER_BARLAT 145 *MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC 149 *MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM. 152 *MAT_FLD_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC 153 *MAT_NONLINEAR_ORTHOTROPIC 155 TABLE OF CONTENTS LS-DYNA Version 960xi *MAT_USER_DEFINED_MATERIAL_MODELS. 159 *MAT_BAMMAN. 162 *MAT_BAMMAN_DAMAGE. 167 *MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM . 170 *MAT_ENHANCED_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE. 172 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM. 179 *MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC 183 *MAT_COMPOSITE_FAILURE_OPTION_MODEL 189 *MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY. 193 *MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC. 196 *MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM 198 *MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM. 200 *MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POWERLAW_PLASTICITY. 202 *MAT_MODIFIED_ZERILLI_ARMSTRONG. 204 *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE 207 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM. 211 *MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM. 215 *MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC. 217 *MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER 220 *MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER 224 *MAT_SOIL_CONCRETE. 228 *MAT_HYSTERETIC_SOIL 232 *MAT_RAMBERG_OSGOOD 235 *MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE. 237 *MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM. 242 *MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE 249 *MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE_REINFORCEMENT. 253 *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC. 255 *MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER 258 *MAT_MTS. 263 *MAT_PLASTIC_POLYMER 268 *MAT_ACOUSTIC. 270 *MAT_SOFT_TISSUE_OPTION 272 *MAT_BRITTLE_DAMAGE 276 *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK 279 *MAT_SPOTWELD_OPTION 281 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiiLS-DYNA Version 960 *MAT_GEPLASTIC_SRATE_2000a 285 *MAT_INV_HYPERBOLIC_SIN. 287 *MAT_ANISOTROPIC_VISCOPLASTIC. 289 *MAT_DAMAGE_1 294 *MAT_DAMAGE_2 299 *MAT_ELASTIC_VISCOPLASTIC_THERMAL. 303 *MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CERAMICS. 306 *MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CONCRETE. 309 *MAT_FINITE_ELASTIC_STRAIN_PLASTICITY 312 *MAT_LAYERED_LINEAR_PLASTICITY 315 *MAT_UNIFIED_CREEP. 318 *MAT_COMPOSITE_LAYUP 319 *MAT_COMPOSITE_MATRIX 322 *MAT_COMPOSITE_DIRECT . 325 *MAT_GURSON 327 *MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY. 331 *MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION 334 *MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB. 336 *MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER. 343 *MAT_HEART_TISSUE 346 *MAT_LUNG_TISSUE 349 *MAT_SPECIAL_ORTHOTROPIC. 352 *MAT_MODIFIED_FORCE_LIMITED 356 *MAT_COMPOSITE_MSC 367 *MAT_SEISMIC_BEAM 376 *MAT_SOIL_BRICK. 379 *MAT_DRUCKER_PRAGER. 381 *MAT_RC_SHEAR_WALL 384 *MAT_CONCRETE_BEAM. 390 *MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM 393 *MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM. 395 *MAT_NONLINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM. 398 *MAT_SID_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM 403 *MAT_HYDRAULIC_GAS_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM 407 *MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM. 409 *MAT_ELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM 411 TABLE OF CONTENTS LS-DYNA Version 960xiii *MAT_ELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM 413 *MAT_INELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM 414 *MAT_INELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM 417 *MAT_SPRING_ELASTIC 418 *MAT_DAMPER_VISCOUS 419 *MAT_SPRING_ELASTOPLASTIC 420 *MAT_SPRING_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC 421 *MAT_DAMPER_NONLINEAR_VISCOUS. 422 *MAT_SPRING_GENERAL_NONLINEAR 423 *MAT_SPRING_MAXWELL. 425 *MAT_SPRING_INELASTIC. 426 *MAT_SPRING_TRILINEAR_DEGRADING 427 *MAT_SPRING_SQUAT_SHEARWALL. 428 *MAT_SPRING_MUSCLE 429 *MAT_SEATBELT. 434 *MAT_CFD_OPTION. 436 *MAT_THERMAL_OPTION 438 REFERENCES REF.1 APPENDIX A USER DEFINED MATERIALS. A.1 APPENDIX B USER DEFINED AIRBAG SENSOR. B.1 APPENDIX C USER DEFINED SOLUTION CONTROL. C.1 APPENDIX D USER DEFINED INTERFACE CONTROL. D.1 APPENDIX E USER DEFINED INTERFACE FRICTION. E.1 APPENDIX F OCCUPANT SIMULATION INCLUDING COUPLING TO CAL3D AND MADYMO. F.1 INTRODUCTION F.1 THE LS-DYNA/OCCUPANT SIMULATION PROGRAM LINK F.1 DUMMY MODELING. F.3 TABLE OF CONTENTS xivLS-DYNA Version 960 AIRBAG MODELING F.3 KNEE BOLSTER F.4 COMMON ERRORS. F.5 APPENDIX G INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS COMMANDS .G.1 APPENDIX H INTERACTIVE MATERIAL MODEL DRIVER. H.1 INTRODUCTION H.1 INPUT DEFINITION H.1 INTERACTIVE DRIVER COMMANDS. H.3 APPENDIX I VDA DATABASE I.1 APPENDIX J COMMANDS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL REZONING. J.1 REZONING COMMANDS BY FUNCTION. J.2 APPENDIX K RIGID BODY DUMMIES. K.1 APPENDIX L LS-DYNA MPP USER GUIDE L.1 APPENDIX M IMPLICIT SOLVER. M.1 INTRODUCTION LS-DYNA Version 960I.1 (INTRODUCTION) LS-DYNA USERS MANUAL INTRODUCTION CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY DYNA3D originated at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Hallquist 1976 . The early applications were primarily for the stress analysis of structures subjected to a variety of impact loading. These applications required what was then significant computer resources, and the need for a much faster version was immediately obvious. Part of the speed problem was related to the inefficient implementation of the element technology which was further aggravated by the fact that supercomputers in 1976 were much slower than todays PC. Furthermore, the primitive sliding interface treatment could only treat logically regular interfaces that are uncommon in most finite element discretizations of complicated three dimensional geometries; consequently, defining a suitable mesh for handling contact was often very difficult. The first version contained trusses, membranes, and a choice of solid elements. The solid elements ranged from a one-point quadrature eight-noded element with hourglass control to a twenty-noded element with eight integration points. Due to the high cost of the twenty node solid, the zero energy modes related to the reduced 8-poi