Construction Building Envelope and Interior Finishes Databook：Masonry.pdf

Construction Building Envelope and Interior Finishes Databook Sidney M. Levy McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto 75 Section Masonry Contents 2 2.0.0History of masonry 2.1.0Mortar 2.1.1Mortar types 2.1.2Mortar additives 2.1.3Mortar testing 2.1.4Compressive strength of masonry, based on types of mortar 2.1.5Compressive strength of mortars made with various types of cement 2.1.6Allowable compressive stresses for masonry 2.1.7Mortar proportions for unit masonry 2.1.8 Specifi ed compressive strength of masonry based on compressive strength of masonry units 2.1.9Allowable tension for embedded an- chor bolts for clay and concrete ma- sonry 2.1.10Grout proportions by volume 2.1.11Grouting limitations 2.1.11.1Grouting masonryexplained and illustrated 2.1.12Foundation wall construction (depth of unbalanced back fi ll) 2.1.12.1Exterior foundation requirements 6- and 8-inch-thick walls 2.1.12.2Interior foundation requirements 6- and 8-inch-thick walls 2.1.12.3Empirical designwall lateral sup- port requirements 2.1.12.4Empirical designthickness of foundation walls 2.1.12.5Empirical designallowable shear on bolts for masonry of unburned units 2.1.12.6Empirical designallowable shear on bolts for all masonry except un- burned clay units 2.1.12.7Empirical designallowable com- pressive stresses for masonry 2.2.0Brick sizes (nomenclature) 2.2.1Other brick sizes 2.2.2Modular and nonmodular brick sizes (illustrated) 2.2.3Bricks positions in a wall 2.2.4Traditional bond patterns (illustrated) 2.2.5Traditional bond patterns explained 2.2.6Brick arches (illustrated) 2.3.0Estimating concrete masonry 2.3.1Horizontal brick coursing 2.3.2Nominal height of brick and block walls by coursing 2.4.0Typical Atlas Brick construction 2.4.1Brick orientation (illustrated) 2.4.2Corner, beam, and jamb details 2.4.3Pilaster and parapet wall details 2.4.4Flashing details 2.4.5Flashing and caulking details at brick-relieving angles 2.4.6 Miscellaneous fl ashing details 2.4.7Pilaster details 2.4.8Corbeling limitations 2.4.9Wall elevation sections 2.4.10Bearing areas, running bond at in- tersections 2.5.0Tile wall systems 2.5.0.1Tile wall systems (illustrated) 2.5.1Standard tile-cladding shapes 2.6.0Glass blocktypical sill details 2.6.0.1Glass blocktypical sill details (il- lustrated) 2.6.1Glass blocktypical head and jamb details 2.6.2Glass blocktypical panel anchor details 2.6.3Glass blocktypical installation procedures 2.6.4To clean the glass block installation 2.7.0Masonry reinforcementtypes of ties 2.7.0.1Masonry reinforcementtypes of tie (illustrated) 2.7.1Masonry reinforcementmaterials and physical properties of bars/wire 2.7.2Wall anchorage details 2.7.3Truss and ladur reinforcement 2.7.4Masonry wall ties 2.7.5Masonry veneer anchors 2.7.6Seismic masonry veneer anchors 2.7.7Seismic masonry ladur and comb re- inforcement 2.8.0Investigating unstable masonry con- ditions to prevent failures 2.8.1Restabilizing, reanchoring a ma- sonry veneer wall system 2.8.2Reanchoring system for brick-to- metal stud wall 2.8.3Reanchoring system for brick-to- metal stud with wood back-up 2.8.4Reanchoring system for brick-to- structural steel 2.8.5Reanchoring system for brick-to- brick back-up 2.8.6Reanchoring system for brick-to- concrete back-up 2.8.7Reanchoring system for brick-to- hollow block back-up 2.8.8Reanchoring multibrick wythes 2.8.9Reanchoring stone veneer-to-solid back-up 2.8.10Reanchoring stone veneer-to-hollow block back-up 2.8.11Repairing limestone or brick arches 2.9.0Wire resistance ratings of various concrete masonry units and assem- blies 2.10.0Building clean brick walls 2.10.1Brick cleaning systemsbucket and brush cleaning 2.10.2Brick cleaning systemshigh pres- sure water cleaning 2.10.3Brick cleaning systemssandblast cleaning 2.10.3.1 Specifi cationssandblast cleaning 2.10.4Brick cleaning systemsspecial sys- tems for wet cleaning through-the- body light brick, where “S”-type mortar is used 2.10.5Cleaning guide 2.10.6Specialty cleaning 2.10.7General cleaning information 2.11.0Tolerances in masonry construction per ACI Specifi cations 2.12.0MasonryQuality Control checklist 76Section 2 2.0.0 History of Masonry The fi rst recorded brick masonry units were made by the Egyptians in 10,000 B.C. and the Romans used brick in many of their structures 2000 years go. The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is the fi rst recorded use of mortar. Brick manufacture and use occurred in the mid-1600s and was pat- terned on English methods and practices. It was not until 1930, however, that cavity wall con- struction (as we know it today) was introduced into the United States from Europe as a means of controlling moisture. This method provides a physical separation between the inner and outer wythes to serve as a drainage cavity for water, which would be expelled through weep holes in the outer wythe. Masonry today is primarily devoted to the construction of brick, block, structural clay products, and natural and cast stone. Walls can be basically categorized as load-bearing or non-load- bearing walls, cavity walls, veneer walls, and solid walls. No matter the type of material used or the method by which the masonry wall is constructed, two components remain crucial: mortar and wall reinforcement. 2.1.0 Mortar Mortar is the bonding agent that holds all of the masonry units together. Bond strength is the crucial element that differs from its close relative concrete, where compressive strength is the most impor- tant physical property. Mortar serves four functions: 1. It bonds the masonry units together and seals the space between them. 2. It allows for dimensional variations in the masonry units while still maintaining a high degree of levelness. 3. It bonds to the reinforcing steel in the wall. 4. It provides an added decorative effect to the wall inasmuch as various colors or tooled joints can be introduced. 2.1.1 Mortar Types Type MHigh compressive strength (2500 psi average), containing greater durability than other types. Therefore, it is generally recommended for unreinforced masonry walls below grade. Type SReasonable high compressive strength (1800 psi average) and having great tensile bond strength. It is usually recommended for reinforced masonry walls, where maximum fl exural strength is required. Type NMidrange compressive strength (750 psi average) and suitable for general above-grade masonry construction for parapets and chimneys. Type OLoad compressive strength (350 psi average) and suitable for interior non-load-bearing masonry walls. Type KVery low compressive strength (75 psi average) and occasionally used for interior non- load-bearing walls, where permitted by local building codes. Workability or plasticity of the mortar is an essential characteristic of proper mortar mixes. The mortar must have both cohesive and adhesive qualities when it makes contact with the masonry units. Hardness or high strength is not necessarily a measure of durability. Mortar that is stronger than the masonry units to which it is applied might not “give,” thereby causing stress to be relieved by the masonry units. This could result in these units cracking or spalling. 2.1.2 Mortar Additives Like concrete, mortar admixtures can be added for many reasons: Accelerators To speed up the setting time by 30 to 40% and increase the 24-hour strength. Some accelerators contain calcium chloride and are not acceptable to the architect/engineer. Masonry77 RetardersExtends the board life of the mortar by as much as 4 to 5 hours. it slows down the set time of mortar when temperatures exceed 70°F. Integral water repellentsIt reduces water absorption and is useful when a single wythe wall will be exposed to the elements. Bond modifi ersImproves adhesion to block. It is particularly useful when glass block walls are being built. Corrosion inhibitorsUsed in marine environments where salt air could penetrate the mortar and begin to corrode any wall reinforcement. 2.1.3 Mortar Testing Mortar testing is performed by the “prism” test method, in accordance with ASTM E 447, Method B. The compressive strength is the average strength of three prisms. 2.1.4 Compressive Strength of Masonry, Based on Types of Mortar Net area Net area compressive strength of concretecompressive masonry units, psi (MPa)strength of masonry, Type M or S mortarType N mortarpsi1(MPa) 1250 (8.6)1300 (9.0)1000 (6.9) 1900 (13.1)2150 (14.8)1500 (10.3) 2800 (19.3)3050 (21.0)2000 (13.8) 3750 (25.8)4050 (27.9)2500 (17.2) 4800 (33.1)5250 (36.2)3000 (20.1) 1For units of less than 4 in. (102 mm) height, 85 percent of the values listed. 78Section 2 2.1.5 Compressive Strength of Mortars Made with Various Types of Cement Type of Minimum compressive strength, psi ASTM cement1 day3 days7 days28 daysdesignation Portland cementsC150-85 I180028004000* IA145022503200* II150025004000* 100017003200* IIA120020003200* 80013502560* III18003500 IIIA14502800 IV10002500* V120022003000* Blended cementsC595-85 I(SM), IS, I(PM), IP180028003500* I(SM)-A, IS-A I(PM)-A, IP-A145022502800* IS(MS), IP(MS)150025003500* IS-A(MS), IP-A(MS)120020002800* S6001500* SA5001250* P15003000* PA12502500* Expansive cementC845-80 E-121003500* Masonry cementsC91-83a N500900(* S13002100( M18002900( *Optional requirement. Applicable when the optional heat of hydration or chemical limit on the sum of C2S and C3A is specifi ed. Note: When low or moderate heat of hydration is specifi ed for blended cements (ASTM C595), the strength requirements is 80% of the value shown. (By permission from the Masonry Society, ACI, ASCE from their manual Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.) Masonry79 2.1.6 Allowable Compressive Stresses for Masonry Allowable compressive stresses1gross cross-sectional area, psi (MPa) Construction; compressive strength ofType M or SType N unit, gross area, psi (MPa)mortarmortar Solid masonry of brick and other solid units of clay or shale; sand-lime or concrete brick: 8000 (55.1) or greater350 (2.4)0300 (2.1)0 4500 (31.0)225 (1.6)0200 (1.4)0 2500 (17.2)160 (1.1)0140 (0.97) 1500 (10.3)115 (0.79)100 (0.69) Grouted masonry, of clay or shale; sand- lime or concrete: 4500 (31.0) or greater225 (1.6)0200 (1.4)0 2500 (17.2)160 (1.1)0140 (0.97) 1500 (8.3)115 (0.79)100 (0.69) Solid masonry of solid concrete masonry units: 3000 (20.7) or greater225 (1.6)0200 (1.4)0 2000 (13.8)160 (1.1)0140 (0.97) 1200 (8.3)115 (0.79)100 (0.69) Masonry of hollow load bearing units: 2000 (13.8) or greater140 (0.97)120 (0.83) 1500 (10.3)115 (0.79)100 (0.69) 1000 (6.9)75 (0.52)70 (0.48) 700 (4.8)60 (0.41)55 (0.38) Hollow walls (noncomposite masonry bonded) Solid units: 2500 (17.2) or greater160 (1.1)0140 (0.97) 1500 (10.3)115 (0.79)100 (0.69) Hollow units75 (0.52)70 (0.48) Stone ashlar masonry: Granite720 (5.0)0640 (4.4)0 Limestone or marble450 (3.1)0400 (2.8)0 Sandstone or cast stone360 (2.5)0320 (2.2)0 Rubble stone masonry Coursed, rough, or random120 (0.83)100 (0.69) Moduli of elasticity1 Net area compressive strength E, psi ? 106(MPa ? 103) of units, psi (MPa)Type N mortarType M or S mortar 6000 (41.3) and greater3.5 (24) 5000 (34.5)2.8 (19)3.2 (22) 4000 (27.6)2.6 (18)2.9 (20) 3000 (20.7)2.3 (16)2.5 (17) 2500 (17.2)2.2 (16)2.4 (17) 2000 (13.8)1.8 (12)2.2 (15) 1500 (10.3)1.5 (10)1.6 (11) 1Linear interpolation permitted. (By permission from the Masonry Society, ACI, ASCE from their manual Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.) 80Section 2 Masonry81 (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Offi cials (ICBO). ICBO assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or the com- pletion of summaries provided therein.) (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Offi cials (ICBO). ICBO assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or the com- pletion of summaries provided therein.) 2.1.7 Mortar Proportions for Unit Masonry 2.1.8 Specifi ed Compressive Strength of Masonry Based on Compressive Strength of Masonry Units (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Offi cials (ICBO). ICBO assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or the com- pletion of summaries provided therein.) 82Section 2 (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Offi cials (ICBO). ICBO assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or the com- pletion of summaries provided therein.) (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Offi cials (ICBO). ICBO assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or the com- pletion of summaries provided therein.) 2.1.9 Allowable Tension for Embedded Anchor Bolts for Clay and Concrete Masonry 2.1.11 Grouting Limitations 2.1.10 Grout Proportions by Volume Masonry83 (By permission from the Brick Industry Association, Reston, Virginia.) 2.1.11.1 Grouting MasonryExplained and Illustrated 84Section 2 Continued. (By permission from the Brick Industry Association, Reston, Virginia.) Masonry85 Continued 86Section 2 2.1.12 Foundation Wall Construction (Depth of Unbalanced Back Fill) Maximum depth of Nominal wall unbalanced backfi ll, Wall constructionthickness, in. (mm)ft (m) Hollow unit masonry8 (203)5 (1.53) 10 (254)6 (1.83) 12 (305)7 (2.14) Solid unit masonry8 (203)5 (1.53) 10 (254)7 (2.14) 12 (305)7 (2.14) Fully grouted8 (203)7 (2.14) masonry10 (254)8 (2.44) 12 (305)8 (2.44) (By permission from the Masonry Society, ACI, ASCE from their manual Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.) (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Offi cials (ICBO). ICBO assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or the com- pletion of summaries provided therein.) 2.1.12.1 Exterior Foundation Requirements6- and 8-inch-Thick Walls Masonry87 (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Offi cials (ICBO). ICBO assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or the com- pletion of summaries provided therein.) (Reproduced from the 1997 Edition of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2, 3, copyright 1997, with the permission of the publisher, t