ISO-18046-2006.pdf

Reference number ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) © ISO/IEC 2006 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18046 First edition 2006-11-01 Information technology Automatic identification and data capture techniques Radio frequency identification device performance test methods Technologies de l'information Techniques d'identification automatique et de capture des données Méthodes d'essai de performance de dispositif d'identification par radiofréquence -,-,- ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2 5 General concepts 2 5.1 Identification 2 5.2 Range. 2 5.3 Rate 3 5.4 Read . 3 5.5 Write. 3 5.6 Reliable 3 5.7 Conditions . 3 6 Requirements 4 6.1 Introduction. 4 6.2 General. 4 6.3 Test conditions . 5 6.4 Test parameters 6 7 Sampling 10 8 Test methods. 11 8.1 Identification range. 11 8.2 Identification rate 13 8.3 Read range 14 8.4 Read rate 16 8.5 Write range 18 8.6 Write rate . 20 9 Reporting of test results 21 Annex A (informative) Test measurement site 23 A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields. 23 A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites. 28 A.3 Coupling of signals. 30 A.4 Standard test position 30 A.5 Test fixture. 31 Annex B (normative) Test extensions and deviations for long range RFID systems. 34 B.1 Test modifications for long range RFID devices. 34 B.2 Test methods. 34 Bibliography. 36 ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) iv © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC 18046 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques. This first edition of ISO/IEC 18046 cancels and replaces ISO/IEC TR 18046:2005, which has been technically revised. ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has broad applicability to the automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) industry in item management. As a wireless communication technique based on RF technology the applications cover multiple levels of the industrial, commercial and retail supply chains. These may include freight containers, returnable transport items (RTIs), transport units, product packaging, product tagging. The performance characteristics of devices (tags and interrogation equipment) may vary drastically due to application factors as well as the particular RF air interface (frequency, modulation, protocol, etc.) being supported. Of key concern is the matching of the various performance characteristics to the user application. Additionally, in an open environment users of such technology demand multiple sources for these devices from technology providers. A key challenge is a method of evaluating the differences between various technology providers' products in a consistent and equitable manner. This International Standard provides a framework for meeting the above noted concern and challenges. To this end, a clear definition of performance as it relates to user application of RFID technology in the supply chain is provided. Based on such application-based definitions, test methods are defined with attention to the test parameters that must be defined and controlled for a consistent evaluation of RFID devices. It should be noted that the test methods defined in this International Standard form the basic framework for performance evaluation and are not exhaustive. Many applications may require a slightly different set of test conditions to match the use of RFID to the user requirements. The test methods defined herein may be modified to accommodate the specifics of the application as specified by the user. Of particular significance, these tests are defined for RFID devices having one antenna. It is common practice to have products with both single and multiple antennas to define an RFID transaction zone sufficient for the application. The defined methods can easily be extended from equipment with a single antenna to apply to equipment with multiple antennas, in order to evaluate performance under conditions more closely matching those of a particular application. -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved 1 Information technology Automatic identification and data capture techniques Radio frequency identification device performance test methods 1 Scope This International Standard defines test methods for performance characteristics of radio frequency identification (RFID) devices (tags and interrogation equipment) for item management, and specifies the general requirements and test requirements for tag and interrogator performance which are applicable to the selection of the devices for an application. It does not apply to testing in relation to regulatory or similar requirements. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004, Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 1: Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized ISO/IEC 18000-2:2004, Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 2: Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz ISO/IEC 18000-3:2004, Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004, Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz ISO/IEC 18000-6:2004, Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-7:2004, Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Part 7: Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 identification range range at which an RFID system shall reliably identify desired tags under a variety of conditions NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005. -,-,- ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) 2 © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved 3.2 identification rate rate at which an RFID system shall reliably identify desired tags under a variety of conditions NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005. 3.3 read range range at which an RFID system may reliably read from desired tags under a variety of conditions NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005. 3.4 read rate rate at which an RFID system shall reliably read desired tags under a variety of conditions NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005. 3.5 write range range at which an RFID system may reliably write to desired tags under a variety of conditions NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005. 3.6 write rate rate at which an RFID system shall reliably write desired tags under a variety of conditions NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 19762-3:2005. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms EUT equipment under test 5 General concepts 5.1 Identification An RFID system for item management must perform a sequence of communication processes within an “open” RF environment to transact the desired data with one or more tags in a potentially large tag population. This process begins with activation and segregation of the desired tags (small population) within the “open” larger population. This process concludes with the establishment of a communication link between the RFID interrogator and the tag allowing transaction (reading and/or writing) of application data. This initial process is described as “Identification”. Identification specifically refers to the process of tag segregation and isolation. This will result in a uniquely addressable means to communicate with a tag (tag ID). Application data has not been accessed. 5.2 Range An RFID system for item management requires the segregation and transaction of information remotely (i.e. non-line-of-sight). The physical separation between the interrogator and the tag is commonly referred to as range. Range specifically refers to the distance (minimum and maximum) between interrogator antenna and tag(s). For multiple tags, the range will be measured to the geometric centroid of the tag population. Tag density (tags per unit volume) will be specified. -,-,- ISO/IEC 18046:2006(E) © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved 3 5.3 Rate An RFID system for item management may (and typically will) encounter multiple tags within a data acquisition session. As many applications require multiple tags to be processed within a fixed amount of time, a performance parameter dealing with “rate” is appropriate. Rate specifically refers to the quantity of tags per unit time. This includes impulse and steady state. Tag population will be both static and dynamic. Tag density (tags per unit volume) will be specified. 5.4 Read RFID tags contain data. This data represents information about the item associated with the tag whether directly (item attendant) or indirectly (license plate). One of the significant performance characteristics of RFID relates to the ability of retrieving this “item data” in support of various business process requirements. This retrieval process is commonly referred to as “reading” and is separate from the previously described process of “identification”. Reading tag information assumes that a communication link has been established between the RFID interrogator and the tag. As such the collision arbitration (sometimes referred to as anti-collision) process is not involved. Reading of tag data is a “directed” data transaction with the activated and segregated tag. Reading specifically refers to the process of tag transaction to retrieve information from identified tag population. This process will include both single byte and multiple byte transactions. 5.5 Write As noted previously, RFID tags contain data. This data represents information about the item associated with the tag whether directly (item attendant) or indirectly (license plate). This information may at times be added and/or modified through the RFID air interface. Should such a capability be available as part of an RFID system, a significant performance characteristic would be the ability of transferring this “item data” from the interrogator into the tag. This process is commonly referred to as “writing” and is the inverse of the previously described process of “reading”. Writing tag information assumes that a communication link has been established between the RFID interrogator and the tag. As such the collision arbitration (sometimes referred to as anti-collision) process is not involved. Writing of tag data is a “directed” data transaction with the activated and segregated tag. Writing specifically refers to the process of tag transaction to write information into identified tag population. This process will include both single byte and multiple byte transactions. Write with verification will be available. 5.6 Reliable RFID systems may require extensive dialog between the interrogator and the tag to fully complete the desired transaction with the tag population. It is not uncommon to have dialog errors during wireless communication. Various mechanisms (e.g. checksum, CRC, retransmission, etc.) may be used to ensure the integrity of the transactions. A reliable transaction specifically refers to the assurance that a tag and/or tag population will be identified accurately based on statistical likelihood and a defined confidence level. 5.7 Conditions RFID systems must perform the required transactions (i.e. identification, rea