稻壳发电可行性研究报告.doc

theme parks are not only amusing but also educational. Take the Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC) in Hawaii for example. It not only shows visitors the Polynesian way of life but also protects their skills and culture for the future. Polynesia is the name given to many groups of small islands that are spread about the Pacific Ocean. The PCC is set in 42 acres of beautiful countryside where visitors can see seven different traditional Polynesian island villages. Villagers from many island communities come to show visitors their styles of dress and different customs. For example, you can see different skills of the villagers. You can learn how they make clothes from bark and how they climb very tall trees with their bare feet or see what kind of wedding ceremonies they have. They also tell you about their social customs and show you their cooking methods and their dances. Their most important skill is boat-building, which allowed the islanders to explore all the islands in the Polynesian Triangle. We know that in their history they were sea travellers moving from island to island. They were able to find their way using the smell of the win, the movements of the fish and seaweed, and the height and direction of the waves. They were very clever sailors. Now they use those boat-building skills to make long boats and show the races and the battles that they took part in long ago. All this helps keep the skills and the technology of the island people alive.  必修五 Unit 1  JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1845, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighborhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.  First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16,37, 38 and 40) . He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.   COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONARY THEORY Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system. The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in the loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it. Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete. In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543. Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against Gods idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things tell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus1 概 述1.1项目概况及编制依据1.1.1 项目概况辽宁中稻股份有限公司位于辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区的农产品加工区，厂区南北长约850米，东西宽至南向北分别为250米，380米。占地面积278700m2(418亩）。该项目确定的建设目标为国内最大的稻谷加工企业，年深加工稻谷的能力为60万吨，项目达产后，年产精制大米40万吨，以及米糠油、米淀粉、米蛋白、白炭黑等多种深加工产品。辽宁中稻股份有限公司稻壳发电项目是利用稻谷加工的副产品-稻壳气化产生可燃气体，由燃气内燃机发电的项目。项目总装机容量2.4MW。我院受辽宁中稻股份有限公司稻壳发电有限公司的委托，对该公司生物质能发电项目进行可行性研究报告的编制。1.1.2 编制依据1）辽宁中稻股份有限公司稻壳发电有限公司稻壳发电可行性研究报告编制委托书；2）热电联产项目可行性研究技术规定，国家发展计划委员会，国家经贸委、建设部计基础2001（26）号，2001年1月11日；3）中华人民共和国可再生能源法2005年3月1日；4）现行国家有关的规程、规范、规定。1.2 研究范围本可行性研究报告研究范围包括：项目厂区总平面布置、机组选型、工艺系统、燃料供应系统、除灰渣系统、电气系统、供排水系统、化学水处理系统、热工自动化及环境保护、消防、安全等方面进行可行性研究的论证，并作出相应的投资估算和经济效益分析。1.3 沈阳市概况1.3.1概述沈阳是辽宁省的省会，东北地区的经济、文化、交通和商贸中心，全国的工业重镇和历史文化名城。沈阳现辖九区一市三县，总面积1.3万平方公里，市区面积3495平方公里。总人口720.4万人，市区人口506.6万人。沈阳是闻名遐迩的历史文化名城。因地处古沈水（浑河支流）之北而得名。沈阳地区蕴育了辽河流域的早期文化，是中华民族的发祥地之一。 沈阳是建国初期国家重点建设起来的以装备制造业为主的全国重工业基地之一。经过几十年的发展，沈阳的工业门类已达到142个，现在规模以上工业企业3033家，地区生产总值2240多亿元。近年来，沈阳市委、市政府以振兴沈阳老工业基地为主线，坚持改革开放和工业立市方略，国有经济战略性调整步伐加快，外资和民营经济迅速成长壮大；城市发展空间和产业布局得到拓展优化；汽车及零部件装备制造、电子信息、化工医药等产业初具规模，已成为全市经济快速发展的重要支撑；科技创新能力和企业研发能力不断提高，形成了一批具有较强竞争力的产品和企业；城市基础设施建设明显加快，软环境建设得到了进一步改善。沈阳经济和社会长足发展，人民生活水平快速提升，沈阳经济和社会步入了快速发展的新时期。在此同时，沈阳先后获得“国家环境保护模范城市”、“国家森林城市”的称号，连续两年进入全国百强城市前十名，并跻身国内十大最具竞争力城市行列。1.3.2 气象条件沈阳市位于北半球的暖温带地区，大陆性季风气候内，一年四季分明。 风：全年平均2.9ms，冬季平均风速3.7ms，全年主导风向SSW，频率为16： 降雨：年降雨量7275mm，全年降水集中在59月；积雪：最大积雪深度28cm，最大冻土深度148cm； 气温:年最低温度-30.60C,年最高温度38.3,年平均气温8.2-9.2oC; 湿度：相对湿度64。1.3.3 交通条件以沈阳环城高速为纽带连接着沈大、沈丹、沈哈、沈京等高速公路以及省级公路、乡镇公路，与沈山、沈哈、哈大国铁线路以及即将开通的1380公里的东边道铁路线一起，共同构成厂四通八达的公路、铁路交通运输网络。为该项目提供了极好的交通运输条件。      1.4 主要设计技术原则根据国家能源政策，结合具体情况，为达到节约能源、改善环境，合理控制工程造价、提高经济效益的目的，确定以下技术设计原则：1）可行性研究报告内容及深度符合中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会令2004第 19 号的要求。2）在拟定厂区总平面布置方案时，除满足工艺流程需要外，尚需考虑与周边环境的总体协调。3）工艺系统采用成熟、先进的技术设备。4）控制系统采用DCS控制系统，控制设备国内采购。5）厂址区域地震基本烈度为7度。本工程按抗震设防烈度7度设计。6）大件运输方案考虑以公路为主。7）发电设备年利用小时数按6500小时。 8）为改善环境，减少污染，烟气排放按锅炉大气污染物排放标准GB13271-2001的要求执行。9）努力降低造价，提高经济效益。10）严格遵循国家颁布有关的规程、规范。1.5 工作简要过程2007年7月，我院接受辽宁中稻股份有限公司稻壳发电有限公司对“辽宁中稻股份有限公司稻壳发电工程可行性研究报告”进行编制的委托，开始进行本工程可行性研究报告的编制工作。工程组设计人员踏勘了拟建的辽宁中稻股份有限公司稻壳发电有限公司现场，对项目所在地的生物质能资源、水资源和地形进行了详细认真的考查和统计，在收集和整理资料的基础上，根据中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会令2004第 19 号的要求，编制了本可行性研究报告。2 生物质能源的利用2.1概述随着社会、经济的不断发展和人口数量的不断增长，世界各国对于能源的消费和需求不断攀升，就世界煤、石油、天然气储量而言，煤只能用230年，石油只能用44年，天然气只能用62年。“能源危机”引起了发达国家对能源安全供应的关注，可再生能源技术的研发受到广泛重视，并且取了突破性进展。自上个世纪90年代始，发达国家提出减少CO2排放以应对全球气候变化问题，进一步成为发展可再生能源的巨大驱动力，使可再生能源大规模产业化得到了迅速发展。我国是世界上最大的发展中国家，也是目前经济发展最为迅速的国家，能源发展战略始终在我国的经济发展中占有重要地位。能源的相对短缺和能源结构的不合理以及在能源开发与利用过程中的低效率所造成的环境污染，正成为我国经济与社会可持续发展的重要制约因素。我国政府一直关心、重视可再生能源的开发和利用，尤其是“八.五”计划以来，政府又把它作为一项重要的战略措施列人“中国21世纪议程”和国民经济发展的“九.五计划和远景目标纲要”。1995年，我国政府批准了国家有关部门提出的“关于新能源和可再生能源发展报告”和“19962010年新能源和可再生能源发展纲要”。2005年2月28日，第十届全国人大常委会第十四次会议通过了中华人民共和国可再生能源法，并于2006年1月1日起施行。该法第三章第十二条明确指出：国家将可再生能源开发利用的科学技术研究和产业化发展列为科技发展与高技术产业发展的优先领域，纳入国家科技发展规划和高技术产业发展规划，并安排资金支持可再生能源开发利用的科学技术研究、应用示范和产业化发展，促进可再生能源开发利用的技术进步，降低可再生能源产品的生产成本，提高产品质量。我国SO2排放空间有限，由于SO2的污染，酸雨已危害30%的国土面积。2003年仅酸雨危害这一项使农、林作物损失高达220亿元，SO2的污染更危及人民身体健康。由于生物质中硫的含量仅是煤的1/10左右，故利用生物质能发电可以大大减少 SO2的排放。生物质能发电产生的CO2，在农作物生长过程中通过光合作用又被农作物吸收，循环使用。因此，利用生物质能发电CO2排放量为零，可以大量地减少温室气体CO2对环境的影响。拟在沈阳市建设的生物质能发电厂，清洁、高效地利用被废弃的稻壳进行发电，是实现稻壳工业化方式综合利用的有效途径。此举既为当地经济发展提供了电力能源，又减轻了大气污染，更增加了农民收入，改善了城乡面貌，化害为利，一举多得。2.2农作物稻壳的利用方式对农作物稻壳的利用，目前主要有以下四种方式：（1）稻壳焚烧锅炉+汽轮发电机组；（2）稻壳气化装置+燃气轮机发电机组+余热利用装置；（3）稻壳气化装置+燃气锅炉+汽轮发电机组；（4）稻壳气化装置+内燃发电机组+余热利用装置；四种方式技术经济比较见表2-1：表2-1 农作物秸秆利用方式比较表 项目方式1方式2方式3方式4热效率29%31-34%20%22%投资12000元/kw20000元/kw9000元/kw8000元/kw运行可靠性可靠可靠可靠可靠对原料要求粒度<6mm含水量<18%粒度<6mm含水量<18%粒度<6mm含水量<18%粒度<6mm含水量<18%适用范围大、中型发电企业大、中型发电企业中、小型发电企业中、小型发电企业操作复杂程度较复杂复杂较复杂简单设备供应全部国产低热值燃气轮机需引进全部国产全部国产由上表可以看出，方式2虽然热效率较高，但总投资比方式4大很多，且建设周期长，操作运行及维护工作复杂，投资回收期也较长，且需从国外引进设备。方式1适用于大、中型发电企业，对中、小规模发电厂，由于锅炉、汽机容量小，参数低，造成热效率大大降低。方式3热效率低、投资大，方式4投资最低，操作维护简单，投资回收期短，故选用方式4。2.3 稻壳成分分析稻壳成分分析见表2-2表2-2 稻壳成分分析项 目单位数值低位热值KJ/kg14000（3343kcal/kg）工业分析固定碳%15.92挥发物%63.37含灰量%16.67含水量%4.04元素分析C%39.71H%4.94N%0.49S%0.08O%34.0758theme parks are not only amusing but also educational. Take the Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC) in Hawaii for example. It not only shows visitors the Polynesian way of life but also protects their skills and culture for the future. Polynesia is the name given to many groups of small islands that are spread about the Pacific Ocean. The PCC is set in 42 acres of beautiful countryside where visitors can see seven different traditional Polynesian island villages. Villagers from many island communities come to show visitors their styles of dress and different customs. For example, you can see different skills of the villagers. You can learn how they make clothes from bark and how they climb very tall trees with their bare feet or see what kind of wedding ceremonies they have. They also tell you about their social customs and show you their cooking methods and their dances. Their most important skill is boat-building, which allowed the islanders to explore all the islands in the Polynesian Triangle. We know that in their history they were sea travellers moving from island to island. They were able to find their way using the smell of the win, the movements of the fish and seaweed, and the height and direction of the waves. They were very clever sailors. Now they use those boat-building skills to make long boats and show the races and the battles that they took part in long ago. All this helps keep the skills and the technology of the island people alive.  必修五 Unit 1  JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1845, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighborhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.  First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16,37, 38 and 40) . He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drink