名词及主谓一致用法和练习.pdf

1 第二讲名词和主谓一致 主语与谓语在人称、数上取得一致的情况： 1. 主语为单数第三人称时，谓语要变单数,即加“ S” 如：reads， sits 注意特例： （1）-s, -ss, -o, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的词要加es 如：misses ， kisses ， does ，fixes ，brushes ，astonishes ，scratches （2）元音字母 y 结尾 s；辅音字母 y 结尾，要变成辅音字母ies ； 如： says ，sprays ，delays ，flies，studies ， （3）fe，f 结尾的词尾要变成ves 如：strife （争吵），stuff （填塞） ，puff （喘气） ， 名词的变化(1)名词的数 1) 可数名词的复数形式 类别多数情况规则少数情况不规则 多数可数名词 加s, 如：eggeggs bike bike s film film s test test s child child ren oxoxen；foot f eet ； tooth t eeth ； mouse m i ce；louse l i ce； crisis cris es； basis bases； emphasis-emphases, thesis-theses, analysis analyses； medium media ； datum data ； phenomenon phenomena ； bacteriumbacteria, criterioncriteria 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的可数名 词 加es, 如： glass-glasses fox-fox es；church church es； watch-watch es bush-bushes 词尾 ch 发k 音时，加 -s 构 成复数名词，如： stomachs 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的可数 名词 变 “y” 为 “i ” 再 加 “es” 如：babybabies abilityabilities 以“元音字母 Y”结尾的可 数名词加 s, 如：monkey monkey s Keykeys ；boyboys 2 以 “o” 结尾 的可数名词 加es, 如：hero heroes Potato potato es tomatotomatoes 1. 加s, 如： auto, photo, memo, kilo, shampoo, radio, zoo, piano .2. 加s 或es, 如：buffalo buffalo (e)s volcano volcano (e)s cargo cargo(e)s 以 “f ” 或 “fe ” 结尾的 可数名词 变 “f ”或“fe ”为“v” 再加 “es”, 如：lifeliv es； leaf lea ves 1. 加s, 如：serf, chief, gulf, roof, cuff, cliff, proof, safe, belief, relief ，cuff 2. 加s 或变“ f ”或“ fe ” 为“v”加“ es”皆可 , 如： scarf scarf s (scar ves) handkerchief handkerchief s (handkerchie ves) 2) 既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的名词 有些名词属兼类名词， 作可数名词时表示具体事物， 作不可数名词时表 抽象概念。 -Tom rented a single room to prepare for the coming exam. （room 为可数名词） 汤姆租了一个单人间准备即将到来的考试。 -Your essay is wellwritten as a whole, yet there is still some room for improvement. （room 为不可数名词） 虽然你的文章写得不错，但还有需要改进的余地。 这样的名词有： experience （可数为“经历”，不可数为“经验”）；beauty （可数为“美人”，不可数为“美”）；office （可数为“办公室”，不可数为 “公职”）；success（可数为“成功的人 / 物”，不可数为“成功”）；judgment （可数为“判决”，不可数为“判断”）；security （可数为“证券”，不可数 为“安全”）等。 3 3) 复合名词复数形式的特殊情况 一般说来，以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式，如：homework, sunlight; 以可数名词结尾的复合名词只将其中的主体名词变为相应的复数， 如：bedrooms, bookshelves, housewives, fathers-in-law。此外，我们还需 留意复合名词复数形式的如下特殊情况： 类别复数形式 基数词 + 名词（ + 形容词） 其中名词一律用单数，如：a ten-year-old girl;a 200mile long road ；a five-foot-high boy 以 man, woman, gentleman 等 为修饰词的复合名词 其中所有名词都用复数，如：men servants; women reporters; gentlemen drivers。但是，要说girl （ boy ） students ， 以 及Germans, humans, Romans, Normans 少数复合名词 : 可数名词介词（短语） 动词 /ed 分词副词 动词 -ing形式副词 名词后加 -s ， 如 comrades-in-arms;passers-by 词尾加 -s ，如： take-offs; go-betweens 动词 -ing形式后加 -s ，如： comings-in 2Every/ Each + (单数名词或单数代词 +单数名词或单数代词 )+ 单数谓语 Every man and woman in this society needs care. Each boy and each girl here works hard. No (单数名词或单数代词 +单数名词或单数代词 ) 单数谓语 No teacher or student in this school is allowed to disobey the rules. No teacher and no student in this school is allowed to disobey the rules. 2集合名词作主语的三种情况 a)有些集合名词作主语，谓语只能用单数形式 furniture, equipment, jewellery, scenery, clothing, bedding, （2）有些集合名词作主语，谓语只能用复数形式 people, folk, police, cattle, militia, poultry, mankind （3）有些集合名词作主语，看作整体谓语只能用单数形式，看作全体成员， 谓语需用复数形式。 team, club, family, class, audience, group, committee, government, cabinet, board, couple, army, jury, party, staff, faculty, personnel, union, 4 public, The government has made a decision to eliminate drug-abusing. The government are arguing about the passing of a new law. The family has lived here for 50 years. The family are going abroad for a holiday. 4. 由 both and 连接的两个名词或代词， 谓语用复数， 但是，由 either or ， neither nor， or，not only but also 连接的两个名词或代词，或在There be ， Here be 的倒装句型中，谓语的单复数取决于临近主语。 Either you or she is needed to help paint the room. Have neither you nor he been to Tibet? Not only the students but also their teacheris going to see this new film. There is a school and some supermarkets nearby. 5. 两个名词或代词由一些词（组）相连接，如as well as, together/ along with, carrying, supported by, accompanied by, besides, apart from, in addition to, but, except, (un)like, no less than, other than 等，谓语需与第一个名 /代词取 得一致。 Jane, unlike her sisters, does n t like dancing. The teacher , in addition to the students, has seen this film. Tom, no less than Tim, is a promising student. An old woman, supported by two young pioneers, is crossing the street. The club, other than the chairman, are in favor of the plan. 6. 表示部分数量的词（组） of 名词 谓语结构中，谓语的单复数取决于 名词：名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式，谓语用单数；名词为可 数名词的复数形式，谓语用复数。 All of the work is done. All of the studentsare here. The whole of the birthday cake has been eaten. The whole of the muffins have been eaten. None of the coffee is left. None of the telephones work/ works. None of these graduates are/isfrom parents families. None of them are qualified workers. 7. What 引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数，但若表语中出现复数 名词，则谓语要用复数，以与表语取得一致。 What he said is right. What the teacher says and does has effect on his students. What the teacher says and does dont agree (with each other). What he bought were two balls. What they need badly are creative writers. What I have said and done have nothing to do with you. What is real to him are the details of his life. 其他名词性从句作主语，用单数谓语 Whether he will pass the test is still unknown. How he succeeded remains a secret. 5 Who are going to visit Mr. Smith is undecided. 8. 单个动词不定式或动名词作主语，谓语用单数。 To seeis to believe/ Seeing is believing. To plan in advance is a good thing. For him to finish the task in half an hour is a challenge. Playing with fire is a dangerous thing. Her often coming late annoyed the director. 两个动词不定式或动名词作主语，若指两类事物，谓语用 复数；但若指某 一 事物的 两个方面，则谓语应用 单数。 To listening to music and to watch TV are my favorite things. Early to bed and early to rise is beneficial to health. Reading novels and solving problems are two different things. Weeping and crying does nothing towards settling the problem. 9. a number/ variety of + 复数名词 复数谓语 the number/ variety of +复数名词 单数谓语 A number of the students here are from key schools. The number of the students attending evening schools is on the rise. A variety of new goods are on display. The variety of goods on sale in that store is surprising. 10. 用 and 连接的两个单数名词在意义上指同一个人或事物时，用单数谓语。 A scientist and poet is going to give us a lecture tomorrow. My neighbor and colleague is watering the flowers. The partner and manager has warned us not to be lazy. War and peace i s a constant theme in history. Whisky and soda is always his favorite drink. 此外， a knife and folk, a collar and tie, a needle and thread, a cup and saucer, a cart and horse,. 也通常被看作整体，谓语用单数。 A needle and thread is needed to mend the coat. An additional knife and fork was bought for the dinner. 11. the + 一类形容词 / 分词 用来表示类比，谓语用复数 The rich/ poor/ young/ old/ aged/ injured/ wounded/ unknown/ elderly/ sick/ ignorant/ seeing/ blind/ living/ dead/ disabled/ + 复数谓语 After the earthquakes, the buried were rescued and the lost were found. 12. Many a + 单数名词单数谓语 More than one + 单数名词单数谓语 Many a policeman has devoted his life to the order of our society. More than one student here was injured in the accident yesterday. There is more than one answer to this question. One and a half + 复数名词单数谓语 Look! One and a half bananas is on the floor. 13. one of + 复数名词定语从句中的复数谓语（表共性） the (only) one of + 复数名词定语从句中的单数谓语（表个性） Tom is one of the ten boys here who like football. （表共性） Tom is the (only) one of the ten boys here who dislikes tennis. （表共性） 6 14定语从句中谓语的单复数取决于其先行词 He, who is lazy in study, won t succeed easily. I , who am your friend, will help you when you are in trouble. 15以ics 结尾的名词作主语，指学科，用单数谓语；若转义指具体活动，则 用复数谓语 Mathematics 数学， （单数谓语）计算能力， （复数谓语） Politics 政治学，（单数谓语）政治手腕，（复数谓语） Economics 经济学，（单数谓语）经济形势， （复数谓语） Statistics 统计学， （单数谓语）统计数字，（复数谓语） 16由两个一半组成的物体，应用pair 来计数，若无 pair，则用复数谓语 trousers, pants, jeans, shorts, shoes, sleepers, boots, gloves, glasses, scales, tongs, scissors, socks, stockings, This pair of trousers is expensive. Here trousers are new today. Another pair of sunglasses was shown her/ to the customer. 17. 单复同形的名词作主语， 其谓语的单复数要根据这些名词在句中的意思而定 始终用复数形式的词： means, series, species, bellows, headquarters, 始终用单数形式的词： sheep, aircraft, deer, shark, fish (同种鱼 ) This means is really effective. (一种手段 ) His means have been used up. (多种手段 ) Her means are small. (经济能力，财富 ) 18. the rest, the following, 其谓语的单复数要根据这些词在句中的意思而定 A third of the work was done yesterday, and the rest is to be finished tomorrow. A third of the students were invited to the party yesterday, and the rest were told to review their lessons at school. The following is my answer . The following are my suggestions . 主谓一致语法练习题 1. Ten percent of the workers in this city _now on strike. A. is B. are* C. is to be D. are to be 2. The growth of part-time and flexible pattern, and of training and retaining schemes _ more women to take advantage of employmentopportunities. A. allow B. allows* C. allowing D. have allowed 3. These statistics _manageable units for measuring distances with in the solar system. A. are* B. is C. have D. is to be 4. Mathematics as well as physics always _me a lot of headaches. A. has caused B. are causing C. cause D. causes* 5. Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, _ not able to solve the problem. A. are B. were C. is* D. am 6. Plenty of fruits, eggs, and vegetables _needed for health. A. are* B. is C. is being D. have 7. Neither Jane nor her brothers _a consent form for tomorrow's field trip. A. need* B. needs C. is needing D. has need 7 8. What the man said under the oath _by several other witnesses. A. was questioned* B. were questioned C. questioned D. be questioned 9. The government _hoping to make their findings known soon. A. is B. has been C. are* D. be 10. Today there _a number of telephone calls from the applicants for the position. A. have been* B. is having C. has been D. are to have 11. To listen to fine music and to have stimulating conversation with good friends _two pleasures in life. A. is B. are* C. was D. has been 12. Of particular interest to visitors _the large number of book stores that sell books in different languages. A. have been B. are C. is* D. were 13. Many species of animals which once lived on the earth _no longer in existence. A. is B. are* C. was D. were 14. How close parents are to their children _ a strong influence on the character of the children. A. have B. has* C. having D. to have 15. Not only the whole nation, but the whole Europe, indeed the whole human society, _to alter its attitude to racial problems. A. need B. needs* C. has need D. have a need 16. All the data _once and again, still there are a lot of mistakes. A. has been checked B. have been checked* C. has been checked D. is checked 17. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses the tools that _ A. make him a scientist B. makes him to be a scientist C. make him to be scientist D. makes him a scientist* 18. The play writer and director _promised to attend our tea-party. A. have B. has* C. are D. is 19. The premier and the Foreign Minister _present at the state banquet last night. A. are B. was C. were * D. had a 20. To balance the budget and to provide jobs _ two goals of the elected official. A. is going to B. is C. becomes D. are* 21. Every means _tried but without much result. A. has been* B. have been C. are D. is 22. Nobody but Smith and John _in the lab yesterday. A. are B. had been C. were D. was* 23. Half of the audience _foreigners. A. was B. were* C. had been D. has been 24. Hard work and main living _characteristics of the working people. A. is B. has been C. were D. are* 25. In the room _a big table and a great many chairs. A. do they find B. is found C. are found* D. have found 26. Another three weeks _necessary for us to finish the work. A. are B. was C. is* D. will have been 27. He is the only one of the brightest students who _from New York University. A. is graduated B. have graduated C. has graduated* D. are 8 graduated 28. Here is a message of importance to every man and woman who _ A. votes* B. vote C. have voted D. is voted 29. Neither of the young men who had applied for position in the university_. A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted* D. were accepted 30. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals _hardly new. A. is* B. isn't C. being D. will be 31. What they have done _useful to the people. A. are considered B. is considered* C. have been considered D. will be considered 32. Every policeman and fireman _on the alert. A. have been B. was* C. are D. were 33. There _never been hard feelings between the families living on this block. A. has B. have* C. is D. were 34. The linebacker and captain of the team _most valuable player. A. have been selected B. has been selected* C. have selected D. has selected 35. The nation wants peace; only a minority _the war to continue. A. want* B. wants C. wanted D. has wanted 36. It was you, not I, who_too much dependent on medicine and never did exercise. A. were B. are * C. was D. am 37. Whether or not the new plan will yield any positive results _to be seen. A. remain B. is remained C. remains* D. have remained 38. With the rising of people's standard of living, cosmetics _ a favorite topic, especially among women. A. has become B. becomes C. become D. have become* 39. _either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss? A. Are B. Were C. Is* D. Does 40. There _not only the earth but also eight other planets in the solar system. A. are B. were C. is* D. was 41. There _one or two things that I have to mention. A. is* B. are C. has D. have 42. He is one of those speakers who _ideas perfectly clear. A. make his B. makes her C. make their* D. make one's 43. Ten minutes _an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A. seemed B. is seeming C. seem D. seems* 44. The first part of the lecture was interesting but the rest _. A. was dull* B. were dull C. had been dull D. were to dull 45. The committee _among themselves for four hours. A. has been arguing B. has been argued C. have been arguing* D. have been argued 46. Either your teacher or you _mistaken. A. are* B. is C. has D. be 47. Not only I but also Tom and Mary _fond of watching television. A. am B. is C. are* D. be 9 48. It is said that in the United States, over 30 _spent on advertisement each year. A. billion dollars is B. billion dollars are* C. billion dollar is D. billions of dollars are 49. Each one of us who _now living in this city is destined to witness the remarkable Olympic Games. A. is B. were C. has been D. are* 50. What _used as chief building materials today _steel and concrete. A. have been, are B. is, are C. are, are * D. are, is 51. Several of the cups in the set _in delivery . A. was smashed B. was smashing C. were smashed* D. were smashing 52. There is always a possibility that the infection will return, but so far there _been no signs of trouble. A. has B. have* C.