英语单词构词法Word_building.ppt
Word Building,什么是构词法？,英语单词的构成有一定的规律可循，这种规律称为构词法。,英语构词法主要有三种： 派生、转化、合成 另外还有缩略词,加前缀： happy - _happy 加后缀： develop - develop_ 既加前缀又加后缀： employ -_employ_,一、派生词（derivation） 在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词,un,ment,un,ment,(A)表示否定的前缀： un- unfair,unhappy non- nonsmoker ，non-stop (常用在n. adj. adv. 前) in- inactive, indirect (常用在adj.后) dis- disagree,disappear im- impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 开头的词前) il- illegal ir- irregular,常见的前缀,(B).表示错误或失当的前缀: mis -misunderstand, mislead (C).表示向背的前缀: anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war (D)表示共同，相等意思的前缀 con-, com-, co- (共同，一起) connect, combine, co-operate,(E).表示程度、大小的前缀 super- supermarket, superman over - overuse, overeat mini- miniskirt, minibus under- underground, under-develop semi-(半，部分) semicircle extra -(超越，额外) extraordinary vice- (副，次) vice-president, vice-chairman,(F).表示时间、序列关系的前缀 pre- prewar,preview post postwar,post-reading fore-(前，预先) foretell, forecast re-（再一次，重新） retell, rewrite mid-, medi-（中，中间）midnight, Mediterranean,(G).表示方位的前缀： inter- international trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入) translate, transport sub- subway, submarine(潜水艇；水下的）,常见的后缀,1.名词后缀 ： -er teacher, worker -or visitor, sailor -al arrival, refusal -ee employee , interviewee -ation education, satisfaction -ment development, movement -ance, -ence importance, violence,-ness happiness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility -ist pianist, artist -an, -ain American, historian -age courage, marriage -dom freedom, kingdom -hood childhood,brotherhood -ice notice, advice, service -ing building, writing -ion action, solution, conclusion,2.形容词后缀： -y windy, rainy, sandy -ish foolish, selfish -some handsome, troublesome -ous dangerous, humorous -ful helpful, careful, peaceful -able, -ible comfortable, responsible -al natural, additional, educational -ant, -ent important, excellent -ar similar, popular -ary military, voluntary -ing moving, interesting, exciting,3. 动词后缀： -ify beautify, simplify -ize, -ise realize, recognize(ise), organize(ise), modernize(ise) -en quicken, widen, sharpen -ate separate, operate,4.副词后缀： -ly possibly, carefully, simply -ward, -wards downward, upwards -ways always , sideways（斜着） -wise otherwise,1. But even more _ (value) are the lessons learned in extra-curricular activities in school: in speech, dramatic , musical contests and so on. 2. Many video games are _ (violence).（佛山一模）,Examples from some exams this year:,violent,valuable,3. Ms Chen has been teaching me English since Junior 1, and to show my _ (appreciate) I decided to get her a present.（广州一模） 4. They want to be free and _ (depend), and many of them disagree with their parents about how much freedom they should have.(省调研题）,independent,appreciation,5. _ (fortunate), I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left to complete the rest！(广州二模）6. I must know how to care for others and try not to _ (understand) them.(惠州一模）,misunderstand,Unfortunately,water n. 水 - water vt. 浇水 常见的转化形式4种： 动词 -名词 名词 - 形容词 动词-形容词 副词-形容词,二、 转化(conversion) 由同一个单词通过词类变化转化成为另外一种词义,1 动词 -名词,stop vt. 停止 - n. watch vt. 观看 - n. record vt. 录音 - n. comb vt. 梳理(头发) - n.,车站,手表,纪录,梳子,2 名词 - 形容词,light n. 光线 - a. right n. 右边 - a. Chinese n. 汉语 - a. Russian n. 俄语 - a.,轻的,对的,中国的,俄国的,3 动词-形容词,clean v. 打扫- a. empty v. 倒空- a. complete v.完成 - a. last v. 持续- a.,清洁的,空的,完全的,最后的,4 副词-形容词,hard ad. 努力地 - a. well ad. 好 - a. early ad. 早地 - a.,困难的,健康的,早的,三、 合成词(compounding words) 由两个或以上的词组成另外一个词,class 班级 + room 房间 = classroom 教室 warm + heart + ed = warmhearted _ good + looking = good-looking _的,热心肠的,相貌好看的,四、缩略词(shortening words) 它分为截短 和缩合两种。,1. 截短 : 是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。 advertisement - ad telephone - phone influenza - flu _ television - TV,流行性感冒,2. 缩合 是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。,smoke + fog (雾) - smog _ motor + hotel - motel _ Test of English as a foreign language TOEFL _ the United Nations - _ _,烟雾,汽车旅馆,托福,UN,联合国,
