专题复习 名词性从句.doc

专题复习 名词性从句 名词性从句的基本概念一 名词性从句的概念具有名词的句法功能，在句子中充当主语，宾语，表语和同位语的从句。eg：1.What has happened proves that our policy is right. 2. I have no idea when he will be back.二 引导名词性从句的连词的分类 1 连接词：that ，只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，没有任何意思。 whether, (if) 只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，意思“是否”2 连接代词： what , who, whom, which, whose. Whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever,Whosever具有代词功能引导名词性从句，又在句中充当一定的句子成分，（即主，宾，表，定）。 它们的意思与疑问句中疑问词的意思大体相同。3 连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however, because 具有副词的句法功能。在从句中充当状语。连接副词的意思同疑问句中疑问词的意思大体相同。三 引导名词性从句的连接词一揽表连接 词连接词连接词引导的从句在从句中的意思在从句中充当的句子成分that主从，宾从，表从，同位从 无意义不做成分，起连接作用whether主从，宾从，表从，同位从 是否不做成分if宾从，只引导动词的宾从 是否不做成分连接代词who主，宾，表，同 谁主语，宾语whom主，宾，表，同 谁宾语what主，宾，表，同什么，所。的主，宾，表，定which主，宾，表，同那个，那些主，宾，表，定whose主，宾，表，同谁的定whoever主，宾无论谁的主whomever主，宾无论谁宾whatever主，宾无论什么主，宾，表，定whichever主，宾无论哪个主，宾，表，定连接副词when 主，宾，表，同什么时候 状 语where主，宾，表，同什么地方why主，宾，表，同为什么how主，宾，表，同怎样whenever主，宾，同无论什么时候wherever主，宾，同无论什么地方however主，宾，同无论如何四 名词性从句的来源1 来源于陈述句，引导词用 “that”如：1）He came back yesterday.That he came back yesterday made us very happy.2）He didnt see me when he passed me.He pretended that he didnt see me when he passed me.3）He will come to see us all.Word came that he would come to see us all.消息传来了，他要来看我们大家。2 来源于一般疑问句，引导词用whether。做动词的宾语时可用whether或 if, 语序用陈述语序。eg ：1）Is he fit for the job? I wonder if/whether he is fit for ther job. 2）Can we overcome the present difficulties? He had no idea whether we could overcome the present difficulties( or not).他不知道我们能否克服目前的困难。3 来源于特殊疑问句，疑问词做引导词，语序用陈述语序。eg：1）Who will come to give us a lecture? The problem is who will come to give us a lecture. 2）Where has he put the bag? We are interested in where he has put the bag. 3）How did the prisoner escape? How the prisoner escaped remains a mystery.注意：间或也有感叹句做名词性从句的。如：How disappointed I was then!You dont know how disappointed I was then!我们可以把不同的句子放在不同的位置就构成不同的名词性从句。如：将下面句子加入到下面各句中，使其构成带有名词性从句的复合句。1.Many visitors will visit our school.1) He told me _.2) The news is _.3) _ is known to us all.It is known to all _.2. Has Lucy joined the singing group? 1). _ is not known yet. 2). The problem is _. 3). He asded me _. 4). He is not interested in _. 5). He asked me the question_.3. What did he say just now? 1). I was surprised at _. 2). The question is _. 3). _ made us unhappy. 4). I have no idea_.4. Which team will win the match? 1). _ is still unkown. 2). I am not sure _.3). The thought _ makes him worried.名词性从句分述 主语从句引导词引导的从句在句中做主语。 常用的连接词有：从属连词：that, whether，if连接代词：who, whom, , whose, what, which, whatever, ,whichever, whoever, whomever连接副词：where, why, how, when, whenever, wherever, however1. that 引导主语从句，只起连接作用，在从句中不做任何成分，也不能省略。多数情况下用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句尾，保持句子平衡。eg. That in some countries women are still treated unequally is unfair.= It is unfair that in some countries women are still treated unequally. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a pity that .很遗憾 It is a shame that .很丢脸/羞愧 It is no wonder that 难怪.(2) It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物动词 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It 过去分词 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说主语从句中的虚拟：a) 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。It is + necessary/ important / strange / natural + that + 主+（should）+ 动词原形eg：It is necessary that we should learn English well. It is natural that we should work all by ourselves.b) It is suggested / advised / ordered / requested / required / proposed / desired + that + 主 + (should) + 动词原形例：It is requested that Professor Li (should) give us a speech.It is decided that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.2. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?3. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，表示“.的”的意思，而that 则不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right.b) That she is still alive is a consolationThat 既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导定于从句，what 则只能引导名词性从句。4. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。 a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.（强调句型）5. 引导主语从句：“是否”c) 引导主语从句位于句首，只能用whetherd) 当主语从句由形式主语代替时，可用whether或if如：1）Whether the news is true remains a question. It remains a question whether/if the news is true. 2) Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful. It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.6. wh-等的连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句可位于句首，也可位于句末。但需要用形式主语 it 替代.例：1）Who will be in charge of the project hasnt been decided yet. It hasnt been decided yet who will be in charge of the project. 2) Whether hes coming or not doesnt matter too much. It doesnt matter too much whether hes coming or not. 3) It is hard to say which football team will win the match. 4) It is not yet fixed when the parent-teacher meeting will be held.注：what引导主语从句，一般不用形式主语it 替代，但如果句子是一般疑问句时只能用形式主语it.例：When the plane is to take off has been announced.It has been announced when the plane is to take off.Has it been announced when the plane is to take off?What we should do next remains unknown.Does it remain unknown what we should do next?二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由wh-词, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened. b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语，例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的宾语。eg. 1. Its hard to say how long the operation will last. 2. On hearing Mr. King was seriously ill, the doctor went to see him at once. 3. Knowing that the patient was very weak, the nurse saw him home.4. 作形容词的宾语，例如： I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 注意：某些表示情感色彩或表示动态的形容词或分词（如：afraid, amazed, anxious, aware, certain, confident, pleased, sure, surprised, annoyed等）作表语时，that 引导的从句常跟在后面做宾语，此时的that从句相当于原因状语从句，因为that 从句所表示的内容是主句动作或状态发生的原因。宾语从句中应注意的几个问题：1. 关于形式宾语的问题在宾语从句后有补语时，一般要用it 作形式宾语，而将that 引导的宾语从句放在补语之后，以求句子上的平衡。其结构为：主+及物动词（find/make/think/consider/feel/believe）+it+补语（形容词/名词）+宾语从句eg ：1. We all consider it clear that children should take plenty of milk as they grow. 2. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 3. We all thought it a pity that he had not gone to the concert.a) 某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的位于动词，如like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy, appreciate等，若要接宾语从句，特别是that 一拿到的宾语从句，从句前必须跟一个it作形式宾语。I dont like it that he is so careless.b) 由于that 从句一般不能直接做介词宾语，所以借此后若接that 引导的宾语从句，就必须先接一个it做形式宾语。Well see to it that she gets home early. 我们要确保她早到家。c) “动词+介词”所构成的固定词组若跟宾语从句，必须先跟it作形式宾语，it要置于动词和介词之间。如：leave it to.(由某人决定、委托)，owe it to sb. (归功于，多亏)I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.We owe it to you that there wasnt a serious accident.2语序问题：宾语从句的语序必须用陈述语序例：Do you remember when we met for the first time?但 Whats the matter with you 做宾语从句其语序不变，因为连接词 what 本身做主语。例：Do you know what is the matter with him? 3. 时态问题a）主句时态为一般现在时（包括现在完成时），从句可以用符合句意要求的任何时态。eg：1）We all know (that) he was born in 1980. 2) We have known that he will visit your school next week.b) 主句时态用一般过去时，从句必须用过去时态的某种形式，即：过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。eg：1）He said (that) he bought a new dictionary last week. 2) The teacher asked Tim whether (if) he had finished his homework.但：如果从句表达的是自然现象，真理，客观事实，名言，警句，格言，谚语，尽管主句是一般过去时，从句也要用一般现在时。例 He knows that time is lifte.4. 否定转移问题：that引导的宾语从句，如主句谓语动词是I think, guess, believe, suppose, expect等时，若从句时否定形式，只能否定主句，不能否定从句。例：He wont come tonight. I think.I dont think that he will come tonight.我认为他今晚不会来。注意：1。否定转移现象只限主语为第一人称。1 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句，如果主句的主语为第一人称，反意部分由从句的人称，时态决定。如果主句的主语是其他人称，则由主句决定。例：1）I dont think he is right, is he ?2) He thinks English is very interesting, doesnt he ? 3) He asked if I would go abroad , didnt he ?但：如果从句中的否定副词不是not, 而是never, hardly, seldom, little 时，则不遵守否定转移这一规则。例：I think he will never succeed.我认为他永远不能取得成功。5. 双重疑问题1） 一般疑问句型双重问句：eg, Could you tell me where they live?2) 特别疑问句型双重问句：其结构为：疑问句who/when/what/why/how/where. + do you + suggest/consider/think/feel/believe/suppose/hope/guess/imagine/say + 宾语从句的其他部分这种双重问句常用来证询对某一问题的看法，认识，推测，判断，希望等。我们常把do you think 看作插入成分，但从句应用陈述语序。例：Which team ( do you think ) will win the game ?Who do you suggest be sent to work there?Why do you guess he is upset?6. if, whether引导宾语从句1） 用来引导动词的宾语从句时，可通用。eg：I doubt whether/if they will come to help us. 我怀疑。 Im not sure whether/if Ill have time to go with you. 我很难说。2） 在介词后做介宾时只能用whether 引导eg：Im not interested in whether youll come or not.3) 直接 与or not 连用时，不可用ifeg：I dont know whether or not they will come for our help.4) 在及物动词discuss 后的宾语从句，常用 whether引导eg：We discuss whether we should make a change in our plan.例：Tell me if it is not going to rain, please.5） 当if 会引起歧义时Please let me know whether you are busy.6) 动词不定式前用whether ,不用if。He doesnt know whether to go or not.7）if 可以引导一个否定的宾语从句，而whether 则不可以。She asked me if Tom didnt come.宾语从句中的虚拟语气：下列动词带宾语从句应用虚拟语气，即should + 动词原形。它们是：1个坚持：insist; 2个命令：order, command; 3个建议：suggest, propose, advise; 4个要求：ask, demand, request, require.eg：He proposed that the road should be rebuilt. I order that everyone be present at the meeting.宾语从句中不省略that的情况1. 当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;eg. I have learned that most of the students who are interested in Chinese take interest in English.2. 当宾语从句较长时;3. 当主句状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;4. 当主句谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;5. 当一个动词带有两个或两个以上并列的that 引导的宾语从句时,除第一个that以外,其余的that不可以省略;6. 当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;7. 当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时; eg. He told me that he would put some signs on the envelope. 8. 当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; eg. Many people couldnt believe that what he had written was true.9. 当主句中的谓语动词是固定词组时;10. 当宾语从句有it做形式宾语时;11. 在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时. 二表语从句 1.放在系动词be, seem, look, appear, sound, taste, remain, 等后。引导词除了用that, whether, who, what, which, when, where, how, why 外，还可用because, as if / as though.eg： Our school is no longer what it was ten years ago. He didnt come yesterday. That was because he was ill. He was ill. That was why he didnt come yesterday.注意：主因从果用why， 主果从因用because. It looks as if it is going to rain. It sounds as if you are from the South of the States.2. 由系动词appear, look, seem引出的两个常用句型： It seems/seemed (appears/appeared) + that 从句 eg. It seems that he was late for the train. It appears that she was wrong. It looks/looked(seems/seemed) + as if /as though 表语从句 eg.It looks as if we shall have to walk home.2. 如果主语是以下名词；the reason, the result, the truth, the fact 等，引导表语从句的连接词用 that 如：The reason/ the result / the truth/ the fact is/ was that she failed to passs the exam/they became fat/he pretended to be deaf.以及以why 引导的主语从句或what 引导的主语从句表达原因时，其后的表语从句也必须用 that引导。eg：Why he didnt come was that he sent his mother to hospital. What caused the accident was that the driver was too careless.3. 表语从句中的虚拟语气：如果主句的主语是下列名词：idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement 等时，表语从句中谓语用should + 动词原形4 that与what 在表语从句中的区别：1） that无任何意义，在句中也不充当任何成分, 如果从句中有主，宾，表时，用that2） what的意思是：“什麽”或“所.的事”，而且在从句中充当主语，宾语，表语。如从句中缺主语，宾语或表语时则用what.eg, The truth is that I didnt go there. The question was what made her do it. This is what he is looking for. Our school is what it was years ago.5 引导表语从句，表达是否的意思的引导词只能用“whether”, 不能用“if”。eg：The question is whether she can tell us the truth.6 where 引导表语从句，意思是“。的地方”eg：Go and get your coat. Its where your left it.四同位语从句（一）同位语从句的定义用于某些抽象名词后，说明这些名词的具体内容的从句：引导词有连接词：that, whether连接代词：what连接副词：how, when, where, whyeg, I have no idea that you were here.I have no idea when she will be back.You have no idea how worried I was.有时可用namely, that is to say, in other words, that is ,foe example等引出同位语，说明前面的名词或代词。He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.There is only one way of improving your English, that is , to practice more.一些表示建议、命令的名词后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用）“should）+动词原型”。The suggestion that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow.She refused the demand that he (should )do the work alone.同位语从句与定语从句的区别1. 定语从句是形容词从句，其句法功能相当于一个形容词，与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况；而同位语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，与前面的名词是同位