英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释.docx

英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释Culture：is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms.Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written languagenonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. Individual Culture：Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.collectivist culture：Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective. Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of ones own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicitys unique cultural identity. It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture.stereotypes ：a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.culture shock ：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.culture shock: is the sense of dislocation and the problems, psychological and even physical, that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture. acculturation ：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups. Acculturation refers to an individuals learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. What is the authors view of the relationship between language and culture?Language and culture are clearly fused; one reflects the other.Language is related to culture in that language not only frames our thoughts but also reflects events that a particular culture experiences. For instance, the native people of Alaska have more than twenty words for snow. There can be serious consequences if one uses the wrong word in that certain words indicate how safe it is to travel under these snow conditions. In one of the Pacific Island tribes that I studied in Sociology, their counting system consisted of one, two and many. More than two items were many. Therefore they did not have the concept of "a dozen eggs." In some cultures they do not have words for certain emotions-such as love, fear, hate, etc. Thus in a culture that does not have the word fear, they would not build a theme park because the members of the culture would not experience the thrill of being "frightened" by the experience.