硅及其化合物（Silicon and its compounds）.doc

硅及其化合物（Silicon and its compounds）lesson carbon group elementsrequirements1. Understand the similarity and degeneration of the properties of carbon elements and the properties of carbon elemental and its compounds3. Master the main properties of silicon single and important compounds, and understand the silicate industry and inorganic non-metallic materialsThe properties of carbon, silicon and its compounds, as well as the transformation of carbon, silicon, and compoundsbasic reviewThe family of carbon elements in the periodic table, including elements. The atom has four electrons in its outermost shell, and its not easy to lose electrons in the reaction, and its not easy to get electrons, and it usually forms a combination of electrons and other elements. Its main price is + 2 + 4. The element of carbon increases from top to bottom, and the non-metallic nature gradually decreases, and the gold is gradually strengthened. Most of them can form gaseous hydrides, and their stability wears off. The highest oxide corresponds to the acidity of the hydrates.ramming foundationI. knowledge network:Transformation of carbon and its compounds. The transformation of silicon and its compoundsOne: carbon element (the property of carbon elements)Element symbols and namesMajor valenceSingle color, statehydrideMajor oxideThe highest oxide corresponds to hydratesimilarityPass degenerationTest point two carbon and its compounds1. Carbon single matter(1) allotropediamondgraphiteC60structureTetrahedron, space network, atomic crystalThe plane layer is a hexagonCage (soccer) molecular crystalMain propertiesMelt, boiling point high, hardness, difficult to dissolve in solvent, not conductiveThe melting point is high, soft and smooth, and conductiveIt can be mixed with metal to form a superconductoruseDiamonds, knives, decorationsElectrode, pencil core, lubricantApplied to material scienceNote: common allotropesDiamond, graphite, C60 O2, O3 P4 (white phosphorus), red phosphorus crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon(2) chemical properties (flammability, reductive)Carbon compounds(1) oxide (CO, CO2)The nature of theCarbon monoxide COCO2 CO2Physical propertiesColor, state, tasteColorless and odorless gasColorless, odorless gasThe toxicity oftoxicIts not toxic, its a greenhouse effect but not an atmospheric pollutantComparison of density with airA slightly smallerbigsolubilityPoorly soluble in waterSoluble in waterChemical properties1. Flammability2 co 2 co2 + O2 to ignite1. Cannot burn, or support combustion2. ReductiveCuO + CO delta Cu + CO2Oxidation C + CO2 high temperature 2CO3. Can react with alkaline solutions such as clarified waterCO2 plus Ca (OH) 2 = CaCO34. Can react with waterH2O + CO2 = H2CO3Thinking: how to remove the gas from CO and CO22. CO2 in CO gas (the gas is filled with gas cylinders containing sodium hydroxide solution)2. Carbon dioxide gas mixed with CO (gas through rigid glass tube in hot CuO)2. 2 (2) 2. 2 (2)Carbon dioxide gas mixed with SO2 (gas is used to clean gas cylinders containing sodium bicarbonate solution or acid potassium permanganate solution)In the CO2 gas, HCl is mixed (gas is used to clean gas cylinders with sodium bicarbonate solution)In the CO2 gas, H2S are mixed (gas is poured into a gas cylinder containing copper sulfate solution)(2) NaHCO3, Na2CO3 (mentioned in metal and its compounds)The following method of removing impurities is correctA. Remove the CO in CO2B. In addition to BaCO3 solids mixed with BaSO4: after adding excess hydrochloric acid, filtration and washingC. Remove FeCl3 from FeCl2 solution: add excess iron powder and filterD. Remove the CuO from the Cu powder: after a moderate amount of dilute nitric acid, filter and washTest point three silicon and its compounds1. The elemental silicon(1) main physical propertiesSingle silicon has crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon is gray black, metallic luster, hard and brittle solid. Its structure is similar to diamond, melting, boiling point higher, is good semiconductor material.(2) chemical propertiesThere is no free silicon in nature, and silicon in the common chemical phase is SiO2 and silicate. Normal temperature is stable and can only react with F2, HF and NaOH solution. In the case of heating, you can react with O2 and Cl2.(3) industrial process of siliconIn industry, the reduction of SiO2 with coke in the furnace is obtained, and the chemical equation is SiO2 + 2C Si + 2COPurification: Si + 2Cl2 SiCl4 + 2H2 Si + 4HCl(4) use of siliconSilicon is a good semiconductor material that can be used to make integrated circuits, transistors, silicon rectifiers, and silicon solar cells.Silicon dioxide(1) the atomic crystal, which has a tetrahedral structure, does not dissolve in water.Quartz crucible, agate accessories, quartz optical fiber, used in the laboratory of silica as the main component (the relationship between silica, quartz, crystal, agate).(2) chemical propertiesThe weak oxidizing properties of acid oxide(3) use: 1. Skeleton of the information highway. 2. Quartz crucible, quartz glass, quartz clock, etc3. Optical instrument and process accessories (crystal, agate)Think: 1. Why the glass reagent of alkaline solution cannot be used with glass, and rubber plug or cork.2. How to preserve Na2SiO3 and other alkaline solutions in the laboratory?3. Based on common sense, try to compare the boiling point of carbon dioxide and silica. Why?4. How to prepare silicic acid from silica?22. The following statements about silicon elemental and its compounds are correctSilicon is the basic element of some rocks and minerals. The cement, glass, and crystal ornaments are silicate productsThe high purity of silicon is widely used in the production of fibre-optic ceramic, which is a very early application of silicate materialsA. in b. in c. in d. in2. Indicate the chemical nature or function of SiO2 in the following reactions, and choose the correct answer in the A D optionIn parentheses.(1) SiO2 naoh + 2 = Na2SiO3 + H2O ()(2) SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + CO2 write ()(3) Si SiO2 + 2 c + 2 co write ()(4) SiO2 hf + 4 = SiF4 write + 2 h2o ()A. the glass is consumed and the glass is corrodedB. oxidizingC. acidic oxideD. Exchange volatile anhydride from its saltThe application of silicon elemental and its compound is very wide. Please answer the following questions:(1) silicon semiconductor materials must be prepared with high purity silicon first. Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) reduction method is the main method of preparing high purity silicon at present, the production process diagram is as follows:The chemical reaction equation of high purity silicon was prepared by pure SiHCl3.The whole preparation process must be strictly controlled without water and oxygen. SiHCl3 reacts violently to produce H2SiO3, HCl and other substances, and writes out the chemical reaction equation of the balance. In the process of H2 reduction of SihCl3, if it is mixed 02, the possible consequence is.(2) the following information about silicon is correct (to fill in the letter).A. The chemical properties of silicon carbide are stable and can be used in the production of high-temperature water mixingB. Silicon nitride has a high hardness and high melting point, which can be used to make high temperature ceramics and bearingsC. ordinary glass is made of pure alkali, limestone and quartz sand, and its melting point is highD. hydrochloric acid can react with silicon, so it is used to polish single crystal silicon with hydrochloric acid(3) sodium silicate water solution is commonly known as water glass. A small amount of sodium silicate solution was used in the test tube, and the solution of saturated ammonium chloride was added. Write an experiment and give an explanation.3. Silicate and silicate(1) silicic acid(1) properties: silicic acid is a weak acid that is insoluble in water, and its acidity is weaker than carbonic acid; silicic acid cannot make the purple litmus test liquid red.The acid is unstable and the heat is easy to break down: H2SiO3 SiO2 + H2O.The reaction of silicic acid to alkali solution, such as the chemical equation with NaOH solution, is:H2SiO3 naoh + 2 = Na2SiO3 + 2 h2o.In water, silicic acid is easily polymerized to form colloid. Lower concentration - colorless transparent solution; When the concentration is larger - the gel. Silica gel drying part dehydration after the formation of the porous solid, and silicate adhesive, also known as silica gel, water adsorption ability (physical adsorption method), commonly used as a desiccant, also used as the carrier of catalyst.(2) preparation: silicate can be prepared through soluble silicates and other acid reactions. The chemical equation of reaction is:Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2SiO3, Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O = Na2CO3 + H2SiO3.(2) silicate(1) silicates are the general name of compounds composed of silicon, oxygen and metals. Silicates are complex structures that are generally insoluble in water. The chemical properties are stable and are usually represented in the form of silica and metal oxides.(2) the composition of the following silicates is expressed in the form of oxide.Sodium silicate: Na2SiO3 Na2O SiO2;Calcium silicate: CaSiO3 CaO SiO2;Kaolinite: Al2 (Si2O5) (OH) 4 Al2O3 2SiO2 2H2O.In particular, silicates are expressed in the form of oxides due to their complex composition.The order of oxides: active metal oxide, reactive metal oxide, silica, waterThe principle of pre-oxide coefficient configuration: except oxygen, other elements are allocated according to the conservation principle of the number of atoms before and after the configuration.Note: the oxide is separated by "" The coefficient configuration appears to be an integer.A special case of silicon and its compound knowledgeDeepen understanding of the particularity of silicon:1. Non-metallic single matter is generally non-conductor (such as sulfur), but Si is semiconductor.2. Non-metallic single and base reactions are generally non-metallic dismutation reactions (non-metals are both oxidizing and reducing agents), while Si and lye are only used as reducing agents.Si + naoh + 2 H2O + 2 = Na2SiO3 h2 write (Cl2 naoh + 2 = NaClO + NaCl + H2O)3 C, Si belong to A clan, reducing Si is larger than C, but C will Si reduction from the SiO2 (condition is high temperature), the reason is the product of CO gas quickly escape from the reaction system.SiO2 Si + 2 c + 2 co write4. Non-metallic monominis generally do not interact with non-oxidizing acids, while Si can react with HF.Si + 4 hf = SiF4 write + 2 h2 write5. Acid oxides generally do not react with acid, but SiO2 can work with HF.SiO2 hf + 4 = SiF4 write + 2 h2o6. Inorganic acids are generally soluble in water, while H2SiO3 and H4SiO4 are not soluble in water."Glass is not glass, and alkali is salt", this is the portrayal of Na2SiO3, which is known as "water glass", but it is very different from glass. Na2SiO3 is alkaline for hydrolysis, but it is not a base, but salt.In silicate, silicon only shows a + 4 price, which is shown in SiH4 and Mg2Si.3 (2008 huanggang simulation) asbestos is a kind of compressive strength, flexibility, heat resistance, high temperature resistance and acid and alkali resistanceCorrosion, and cheap silicates. Asbestos is toxic, and people are susceptible to lung cancer when they inhale asbestos fiber.In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, there was a lot of asbestos in the rubble of the world trade centerOne is called asbestos, and its formula is Na2Fe5Si8O22 (OH) 2.(1) the number of oxygen atoms formed in this asbestos formula with five iron atoms is _.(2) the "average valence" (or oxidation number) of the asbestos chemical element may be regarded as.(3) change the chemical formula of the asbestos to the form of oxide: _.(4) this kind of asbestos belongs to traditional inorganic non-metallic materials, which are not in the traditional inorganic non-metallic materialsMaterial ()A. optical fiber b. cement c. high temperature resistant metal titanium d. alumina ceramic E.concrete(5) the asbestos-acid or alkali reaction can be seen as the reaction of each oxide to an acid or base, if the stone is takenThe cotton soluble in sufficient dilute nitric acid, which is filtered by the full reaction, the filter is mainly _, the salt in the filtrateMatter is mainly in the form of _.As shown in the figure below. It is known that elemental I can be used as a semiconductor material, and the simple G is the least dense gas, the compoundH is a colorless and odorless toxic gas that can be burned in the air. The compound E is easily soluble in water to form an oxygen-free acid.The anaerobic acid can react with oxide A at normal temperature.Please fill in the blanks:(1) the chemical formula of oxide A is _.(2) the electronic form of compound E is _.The chemical equation of the reaction is _.The chemical equation of reaction is _.experimental designCrystalline silicon is an important non-metallic material. The main steps of preparing pure silicon are as follows:In high temperature, silica is made of carbon dioxideThe gas reaction of coarse silicon and dry HCl is SiHCl3: Si + 3HCl 3 + H2(3) SiHCl3 with excess H2 in 1 000 1 100 reaction was pure siliconSiHCl3 is known to react strongly with H2O and spontaneously ignite in the air.Please answer the following questions:(1) the chemical reaction equation for the preparation of crude silicon by step 1 is _.(2) the coarse silicon react with HCl, completely by the condensation of SiHCl3 boiling point (33.0 ) contains a small amount of SiCl4 (boiling point 57.6 ) and HCl (boiling point 84.7 ), the method for purification SiHCl3 _.(3) the installation of pure silicon with SiHCl3 and overdose of H2 is as follows (the heat source and clamping device are omitted) :The reagent in device B is _.The flask in device C needs to be heated, and its purpose is _.After a period of time, the observed phenomenon in device D is _,The reason