英国建筑风格（English architectural style）.doc

英国建筑风格（English architectural style）Rome wind (Romanesque)Early Christian architecture is also developed with the Byzantine architecture. The scale is far less than the ancient Rome architecture, design and construction are more rough, but mostly from Ancient Rome ruins building materials, architectural art inherited the semi-circular arch structure of ancient Rome, form slightly ancient Rome style, called Rome style architecture.Rome wind architecture in the 11-12 century in Western Europe developed to the peak. It looks similar, closed the castle, doors and windows are the semicircle, often through art gallery even, light and lively.Inside the lamb Cathedral in England, built in twelfth Century, the perfect Rome wind style can be seen.Gothic (Gothic)The further development of the Rome wind architecture is the Gothic architecture centered on France in Western Europe in the 12-15 century."Gothic" is to participate in the elimination of Rome slavery Germanic "barbarian" of fifteenth Century, the Renaissance movement against the feudal theocracy, advocating revival of the ancient Rome culture, but at the time of the architectural style known as "Gothic", to express negation of it. This period is still in the church building, architectural style completely out of the influence of ancient Rome, but by the sharp coupons (from the East), pointed arches, rib steep slope roof and two church tower, buttress, beam column, flower empty lattice etc. for its characteristics.Westminster Abbey, england. As the main representative of British medieval architecture, Westminster Abbey architectural style and features, although constantly change in the marathon was built, from the Norman style, Gothic, until the early Renaissance style, but it still belongs to the basic features of the Gothic, so after 700 years of repair and still can keep the original. Really thanks to Scott that the architect.Church architecture for Gothic, a number of stained glass inlaid by the spire tied together, it looks chic. The middle of a crowded church and cemetery, buried many great figures. Owing to the large population, the coffin had to be stood up and buried in the ground. Finally, there was no pin to start transferring the great men to the Church of St Paul.British Gothic buildings appeared later than France and became popular in the 1216 century. The Church of England do not like the French church stands in the crowded city center, to large, the control of the city, and is often located in the open countryside environment, as part of a complex, the monastery buildings are low, and the water along the stretch direction of thousands monastery. They do not attach importance to structural techniques as French churches do, but they are more free and diverse. The duration of the church in England is very long, and during the period of rebuilding and construction, it is difficult to find a unified whole style.Close to Salisbury Cathedral in England and France in Amiens during the construction of the cathedral, deep in the lower chamber, arranged on both sides of the side hall, more prominent cross wing, and after a short horizontal wing, can accommodate more priests, this is the way the British common layout. The facade of the church is also to the west. The first to end square hall, rarely with the central hall. The Church of Salisbury although there are flying buttresses, but not significantly.The spires of English churches at plane intersections tend to be high, forming the center of the composition, and the west side of clock tower is relegated to a secondary position. The central minaret of the Church of Salisbury is about 123 meters high, the highest in the English church. The church is of British interest, but the interior is still French and simple to decorate. Later inside the church, there was a strong English style. The west window of the Church of York is complex, lattice formed by the many curves and vivid patterns. The vaults of the period were rich, and the ribs of the Church of Exeter were as large as the branches of a big tree. They were very powerful, and the columns were made of many columns.Tudor Style (Tudor Architecture)The first half of sixteenth Century, the outline of the manor house still beating towers, battlements, chimney, shape is more rugged, the arrangement is also very casual.Structure, doors, fireplaces, decorative and other commonly used four center coupons, the window is mostly square. In the Netherlands under the influence of love, built of red brick, masonry mortar is very thick, waist. Stamp feet, lintel, top, window and so on, with gray white stone, very simple. There are not many factors in the column, and they are fairly free to handle. The interior is made of dark wood, and the boards are made of BAS relief. The ceiling is made of light colored plastering, made of curves and straight lines, with a central bell hanging from the center. Some important halls are decorated with ornate hammer roof trusses (Hammer, beam). This is a wooden frame very decorative, from two sides to the central level up, gradually increased, support and a carving delicate drooping decoration an arc of each level. This style of architecture, which was the style of the Medieval Renaissance period, was named after the "Tudor Style", because it was then the English Tudor dynasty.Now the real estate developers are also speculation Tudor Style (historically, manor and other residential style of the upper class, and now the property developers should be aimed at the middle of the community).Renaissance architecture (Renaissance, Architecture)It is a style of architecture after the Gothic architecture in the history of European architecture. Born in Italy in fifteenth Century, it was spread to other parts of Europe and formed a Renaissance architecture with its own characteristics. The Renaissance architecture of Italy occupies the most important place in Renaissance architecture.Renaissance architecture is popular in Europe 15-19 century building style, sometimes including Baroque architecture and classical architecture originated in Italy, Florence. In theory the Renaissance thought basis; in the form of exclusive symbol theocratic Gothic architectural style, advocating the revival of ancient Rome architectural forms, especially the classical column ratio of the semicircle, with dome as the center of the architectural form etc. For example, the Italy Florence mansion, Vicenza villa rotunda and French palace in Fontainebleau.building technologyThe mixed application of Liang Zhu system and arch structure; large wall building with stone, brick or stone inside, the lower and upper brick; with the drum seat and the dome in the square plane; the top of the dome inside the shell and ribs; these are reflected in the structure and construction technology has reached a new level.City and squareUrban renewal is often pursued with solemn symmetry. Typical examples such as Florence, Venice, Rome and so on. Some late Renaissance ideal city plan, the most representative is the ideal city V. scamozzi. The square was greatly developed during the renaissance. According to its nature, it can be divided into market activities square, Memorial Plaza, decorative plaza and traffic plaza. According to the form, there are rectangular squares, round or oval squares, irregular squares and compound squares. The square generally has a theme, surrounded by ancillary construction foil. Early around the square layout more free, more closed space, often in the side of the square statue square; late strict, common open space around the colonnade, often placed in the center of the square, the statue.GardensSince fourteenth Century, the construction of gardens has become a fad. In fifteenth Century, the aristocratic wealthy Garden Villa almost all over Florence and Northern Italy city. In sixteenth Century, garden art developed to a peak (see gardens in Italy).The most obvious feature of Renaissance architecture is the abandonment of the Gothic style of the medieval period, while the religious and secular architecture re uses elements of column composition in ancient Greece and Rome. Renaissance architects and artists believed that Gothic architecture was the symbol of Christian theocracy, and that the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome was non christian. They believe that the classical architecture, especially the classical column composition, sees harmony and reason, and has something to do with the beauty of the body,These are in line with the humanistic ideas of the renaissance. But the Italy Renaissance architect is not ancient people. Although some people (such as Palladio and Vignola) set strict standards for classical columns in their writings. But the architects of that time, including Palladio and Vignola himself, were not fettered by the norm. On the one hand, they used classical columns, and on the other hand they were flexible, bold and innovative, and even fused the architectural styles of various regions with classical columns. They also applied many of the scientific and technological achievements of the Renaissance, such as mechanical achievements, perspective laws in painting, new construction tools, and so on, to the practice of architectural creation.Influence on BritainIn the middle of the sixteenth Century, the Renaissance architecture was gradually established in England, and the architecture was transitional. It inherited both the Tudor tradition of Gothic architecture and the details of the Renaissance architecture in Italy. Medieval England was keen on building magnificent churches and began to pay attention to secular architecture in the second half of the sixteenth Century. Large luxury mansion, wealthy nobles, gentry built in the village, there are towers and gables, entablature, parapet, handrails and chimney walls often open many windows protrude window, forehead is square. The details of the Renaissance architecture are also applied to interior furnishings and furnishings. The general layout of regular shape around the palace garden, including the vestibule, platform, pools, fountains, flower beds and shrubs, and form a complete and harmonious environment at. Typical examples include the Hardwicke mansion (15901597) and the building of 1572.At the beginning of seventeenth Century, the British royal family in order to show the royal majesty, built a huge palace of Whitehall in London, but only built a large banquet hall (1619 1622). British architect I. Jones designed the building, using the strict classical architecture of Italy Renaissance architect Palladio, and cast off the influence of the medieval architecture in england. The architecture of this period still occupied the main position of residential architecture, and the classical column and regular building facade gradually replaced the transitional style of Elizabeth period. Beginning in 1640 the British bourgeois revolution weakened the autocratic rule of the royal family, but in the constitutional monarchy of King Stuart Dynasty, classical architecture style is still dominant in Britain, as the representative of St.Pauls Cathedral in london. In the early eighteenth Century, the construction of new houses for the new aristocracy and some wealthy businessmen in England became the center of architectural activity. These new sites of large-scale, classical techniques of strict, strict pursuit of aoan style. Comparison of representative examples is the Oxford County Bo Lun Han Mu mansion (1704 1720), Yorkshire Howard mansion (1699 1712) and kedleston mansion (1757 1770). The layout of the mansion is mostly in the middle of the main building. There are halls, salons, bedrooms, restaurants, living rooms, etc. The main building is a spacious courtyard. It has a large courtyard on each side, one is a stable, another has a kitchen and other services. This layout to show the new nobility and the giants of style and wealth.Baroque architecture (Baroque, Architecture)It was a style of architecture and decoration developed on the basis of the Renaissance architecture of Italy in the 1718 century. Its features are freedom of appearance, pursuit of dynamic, fancy decoration and sculpture, strong colors, often curved surfaces and elliptical spaces. The term is intended to Baroque classicism deformity pearl, use it to call this is considered deviant architectural style, this style in opposition to the rigidclassical form, the pursuit of freedom and unrestrained style of expression plays an important role in thesecular aspects have influence on the city square, garden art and literature and art department it was once widely popular in Europe.Architectural featuresFirst, show off wealth. The use of precious materials, filled with magnificent decoration, beautiful colors.Two, the pursuit of novelty. Architects are unconventional and unconventional, and unprecedented architectural images and techniques emerge in endlessly. The main path is innovation, first of all, give the building entity and space to dynamic, or the twists and turns circulation orriots conflict; secondly, to break the boundaries of architecture, sculpture and painting, so that they penetrate each other; again, this is regardless of the logic structure, the irrational combination, get abnormal illusion effect,.Three, tend to nature. Many villas have been built in the suburbs, and gardening has developed. Some open squares were built in the city. The building gradually opens and adds natural themes to the decor.Four, city and buildings, often have a solemn and vigorous yet full of joy in the best of spirits atmosphere.These characteristics were also the development of the late Renaissance methodology.Classical architecture (Classical, Architecture)The broad sense refers to the classical architecture developed from ancient Greek architecture and ancient Rome building on the Italy Renaissance, Baroque and classical revival architecture, its common characteristic is the classical column. Classical architecture in narrow sense refers to the use of "ancient Greece Rome architecture and pure" Italy Renaissance architectural style and classical column building, mainly French classical architecture, and other areas affected by it in the building. Classical architecture usually refers to the narrow sense.British people do not love noisy, sixteenth Century Palladio building is a model that they think is classical, (we call Mannerist, this is relative to the Renaissance name in England in eighteenth Century, 200 years ago, what can be called a classic, it is a relative concept of time) stylism once cause a kind of thinking in the Baroque before, that does not follow the traditional architectural forms now can also be used as a model, but here we focus not on his subjective c