民法中诚实信用原则及其市场价值.doc
民法中诚实信用原则及其市场价值论文关键词:诚实信用 原则 市场价值 民法; 论文摘要:诚实信用原则作为民法基本原则的重要组成部分,在调节民事法律关系中发挥了重要的作用。在市场经济条件下,诚实信用原则作为维护市场的安全性、有序性及高效性同样发挥着不可替代的作用。可以说没有民事法律体系中的诚实信用原则,就没有真正意义上的市场经济。; 诚实信用原则,一直以来为我国法学界所不断研究之对象。诚实信用,作为市场经济的基本道德准则,在市场经济活动中发挥着重要的调节作用。在社会主义市场经济的大环境下,诚实信用原则作为调节市场交易过程中人们讲究信誉,恪守信用,诚实不欺,行为合法,不规避法律的方式发挥了重要的作用。; 1 诚实信用原则的内涵和本质特点; 诚信原则作为一个法律术语最早源于罗马法1。法学阶梯第1卷第1篇第3条宣示罗马法的准则是“诚实生活,不犯他人,各得其所”。诚实信用原则起源于罗马法的诚信诉讼和诚信契约理论界被认为是通说没有什么争议。在古罗马时期诉讼又分为严格诉讼(又称严正诉讼)和善意诉讼(又称为诚信诉讼)2。; 严正诉讼中承审员没有裁量权,而在诚信诉讼中,承审员不受契约字面含义的约束,可以斟酌案情。根据当事人的真实意思对契约进行解释,承审员还可根据公平原则对契约内容进行干预,以削除某些约定的不公正性。而在契约中,也对契约进行了分类,分为严正契约和诚信契约。而诚信契约起源于万民法,万民法是罗马人在同外国人进行商品交换的基础上发展起来的,因此诚信契约体现了商品经济对法律的一般要求3。根据严正契约要求,债务人中需严格依照契约的约定履行义务,对契约未约定的事项,债务人不需履行。而诚信契约的债务人不仅要履行契约约定的义务,而且要负有善意履行的义务。可见在古罗马时期诚信原则已经被人们广泛的用于规制商业行为和用于诉讼中,赋予其一定的自由裁量权。现代民法的诚实信用原则可见受其影响之久,可归结于最早的诚信原则自由裁量权之根据。由此也可见诚实信用从商业习惯向法律规范的移植始于罗马法。; 关于诚实信用原则的涵义我国学界有不同观点。我国台湾学者何孝元认为,大陆法系的诚信条款,原意与英美衡平法一样,具有法律弹性,救济法律之穷,现为适应社会主义关系复杂的新特点,可以据以解释,限定其他即定法的含义2。徐国栋先生则认为,诚信原则要求民事主体当以善意心理状态从事民事活动,行使民事权利,履行民事义务。在进行民事活动,履行民事义务时,既要维系各方当事人的利益平衡,还要维系当事人利益和社会利益的平衡4。即诚信原则谋求的是民事活动中当事人之间及当事人与社会之间利益的平衡。而这三方利益平衡的实现,有赖于人们以诚实之心理善意的行使权利,履行义务,并通过法官之公正的创造性的司法来最终加以维护。而这一观点也为我国大陆一些学者所接受,我国学者韩松认为诚实信用原则是指民法以诚实信用为内容的市场伦理道德准则规范民事主体行为,调整当事人利益冲突,平衡当事人相互之间及其与社会利益关系的基本准则,其含义是指民事主体在民事活动中应以“互惠,善意,诚实,信用”的道德准则行事5。而这一观点在我国也被学者称为利益平衡说。与另外两种学说,语义说和一般条款说并列三大诚实信用原则解释说。语义说认为,诚信原则是对民事活动的参加者不进行任何欺诈,恪守信用的要求6。一般条款说则认为,诚信原则是不确定但具有强制性效力的一般条款,除了指导当事人正确进行民事活动外,还具有授予法官自由裁量权填补法律漏洞,引导法律与时俱进的作用7。; 但有些人则认为“语义说”有望文生义之嫌,并且只看到了诚信原则对在民事活动的指导意义,而并未看到其对司法活动的巨大价值意义,从而将诚信原则的指导功能限制在了一个较窄的范围内。笔者认为语义说是从诚实信用原则的广义说来理解的,在古罗马时代诚实信用作为最基本的要求就是不进行欺诈,恪守信用,并且一直以来指导着诚实信用原则的发展,对司法实践也有着巨大的指导作用。; 可见,诚信原则首先是一种道德规范准则,用于规制人们在交易活动中的不诚实不适当行为,维系交易的安全和当事人利益和与社会利益的平衡,其次才是法律化,实质在于授予法官以自由裁量权,由道德规范上升为法律规制。; 2 市场经济条件下的诚实信用原则的市场价值; 2.1; 诚实信用原则的市场功能价值; 诚实信用原则的市场功能即其作用,诚实信用原则作为“帝王条款”一是法院解释契约,解释其他意思表示,调整当事人利益磨擦的依据和指导原则;另一方面又是法院演进法律、填补法律漏洞的依据和指导原则。; 梁慧星先生在诚实信用原则与漏洞补充一文中将其功能概括为三大功能:指导当事人行使权利,履行义务的功能。解释、评价和补充法律行为的功能。解释和补充法律的功能。其中第二和第三功能我们可以解释为法官自由裁量权功能。从第一功能我们可以看出诚实信用原则在市场经济中所发挥的规制功能,即要求当事人诚实守信,按法律和当事人意思约定自觉、善意的行使权利和履行义务。作为追求利益最大化的市场经济下的各市场主体,必须恪守信用,诚实不欺,行为合法,不规避法律,任何有违诚实信用的行为都将受到法律的规制和制裁,从而保证了市场交易的安全性。; 而诚实信用的另一个最重要功能即平衡利益功能。无独有偶,徐国栋先生在诚实信用原则的概念及历史沿革一文中则很好地概括了这一点。徐先生认为诚信原则涉及两个利益关系,当事人之间的利益关系和当事人与社会之间的利益关系,诚信原则的功能和宗旨在于实现这两个利益关系的平衡。从而保证市场交易的有序进行,从而进一步确保市场经济的健康有序发展。; 诚信原则的市场功能,即其在市场经济条件下对规范市场主体间的权利和义务、协调不同市场主体间的利益平衡、维护市场交易的有序性和安全性所发挥的作用。笔者认为可以归纳为以下几个主要功能:指导当事人行使权利履行义务的功能。诚信原则要求当事人禁止欺诈胁迫,尊重交易习惯,承担缔约附随义务,严格依法履行合同义务。当事人在民事活动中必须具备诚实、善意的内心状态的要求,使自己的行为符合于诚实商人和诚实劳动者的标准,在追求自己利益时,不得损害他人利益和社会利益。维系当事人利益及与社会利益之平衡功能。诚信原则要求尊重对方当事人利益,尊重社会利益,禁止滥用权利,禁止规避法律。其实际上就是允许法官通过价值补充来重新均衡利益关系,以谋求个案之公平。自由裁量之功能。即解释和补充法律的功能。法官可以从广义诚信原则出发对现存的民事法律规范进行解释,重新确定存在于其中的各种法定权利义务的界线。从而对当前因市场缺陷所导致的法律不完善及其和市场经济发展带来的立法真空带提供法律指导依据。; 2.2 诚实信用原则的市场调节价值; 作为民事法律规范的一个重要的调解机制,诚实信用原则在市场经济条件下对维护市场交易的安全和市场的有序化和规范化同样发挥着不可替代的作用。诚实信用原则无疑是直接产生并服务于市场经济的一项重要法律原则,然而它决非被动的服从和适应市场经济和经济的发展。相反,该原则自它产生的那一刻起便以其能动性对现实经济发展起着巨大的促进作用8。; 2.2.1 诚实信用原则的市场主体指导作用; 诚实信用原则要求市场主体在行使权利、履行义务时必须是在法律规定的诚实信用范围内,兼顾对方当事人利益和社会利益,使自己的行为只有在不损害他人利益和社会利益的前提下,才能追求自己的利益。即作为法律规范的诚实信用,要求在社会主义市场经济中,在买卖、租赁、承担、委托等各项具体的市场交易活动中,双方当事人之间应有一定的信任关系,在充分尊重和不损害他人和社会利益的前提下追求利益的最大化9。通过保护和鼓励诚实信用行为,制裁和预防违反诚实信用的行为,强制性地迫使当事人在关心自己的利益的同时必须尊重他人和社会利益,从而使当事人的行为回归到诚实信用的要求中去,从而维护市场交易的有序,高效。; 2.2.2 诚实信用原则的交易安全性保证; 社会经济资源只有在交换中才能增值,维护交易的安全具有重要的经济价值。诚实信用原则通过具体调整交易当事人的权利义务关系,使得交易关系获得法律的有效规制而顺利达到完成交易的目的,而最大限度地排除发生各种纠纷和意外的可能性,为交易当事人提供最为安全的交易环境。诚实信用作为市场经济的基础,在维系市场交易的正常进行具有重要的作用,拥有良好的诚信资源的市场经济才是健康有序的市场经济。; 2.2.3 诚实信用原则的利益平衡; 在市场经济交易活动中,当事人以自己拥有的某种商品或服务与其他的当事人进行利益交易,并在此基础上以期获得更大的利益,但是由于理性的经济均追求的是其经济利益的最大化,因此在交易过程中必然存在利益得失冲突,交易当事人试图以牺牲或贬损对方或社会利益的方法来满足自己的经济利益最大化。诚实信用原则的功能和宗旨在于实现这交易当事人利益及其社会利益的平衡,通过矫正交易当事人利益的倾斜和当事人与社会利益的冲突,使交易活动走上有序、公平的发展道路。; 2.3 诚实信用原则的权利救济价值; 市场经济条件下诚信原则所体现的市场价值的另一方面则体现在其市场主体权利的救济上。自由竞争的市场机制要求法律充分保护和尊重人的权利和自由,在追求利益最大化的同时要求法律对其所获得的权利予以确定和保护,当权利受到侵害时法律应该给予充分的救济。所谓无救济便无权利。诚信原则一直以来被学界称为“帝王条款”,奉若神明,在民法基本原则中占有很重要的地位,甚至部分大陆学者认为诚信原则进入一般民法原则中,意味着国家对司法机关在业务创造活动中的一种承认,有类似英美法系国家法官造法的功能10。虽然以上观点甚有夸大之嫌,但从另一方面说明了诚实信用原则在赋予法官自由裁量的重要意义,同时也说明了法官运用诚实信用原则救济权利的合法性和正当性。; 诚实信用原则不仅对市场主体进行着民商活动的指导,规范市场秩序,协调交易双方利益及社会利益之平衡,而且意味着承认司法活动的能动性和创造性。一方面,随着市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善,随着社会情况和经济关系的变化,一些不适合市场经济发展的,过时的法律法规却未能得及时修改或废止,如果机械执法无疑对我国市场经济的发展不利,而且为追求形式正义而忽视实质正义,有违立法精神。通过法官自由裁量权来选择适用法律及修正法律从而实现市场主体权利救济。另一方面,社会主义市场经济刚刚起步,相关的法律法规及配套规定并不健全,法律漏洞的存在是客观的,面对刚刚起步的社会主义市场经济法律中的存在的大量漏洞,通过赋予法官自由裁量权来弥补法律漏洞,从而达到对当事人的权利救济。同时,权利的充分救济机制也为市场主体的规范化提供指导,对所有的市场主体而言,诚实信用原则即意味着诚实信用要求,相对于法官的自由裁量权,诚实信用要求所覆盖的面要大得多,社会主义市场经济适用诚实信用原则的一个重要目的,就在于指导市场主体诚实信用而为、违反诚实信用而不为,从而培养市场主体精神。; 3 诚实信用原则引起的思考; 从诚实信用原则的涵义及其本质特征来看,诚实信用原则无不渗透市场经济下市场交易过程的方方面面。作为调整民事法律行为的诚实信用原则,从市场经济诞生的那一刻起就在发挥着调整和规制市场的作用。诚实信用原则因为追求的是诚实和恪守承诺而带来的公平、平等、正义和秩序的法律价值,而市场经济是法治经济,法治建设必须以诚信为本,必然要求在市场经济的建立、发展及其完善过程中以诚实信用原则为指导。因此可以说没有普遍存在的民事法律体系中的诚实信用原则,就没有真正意义上的市场经济。; 参考资料:; 1徐国栋.民法基本原则解释成文法局限性之克服M.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.139.; 2何孝元.诚实信用原则与衡平法M.台北:台湾三民书局,1986.26-43.; 3江平.罗马法基础M.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1982.46.; 4徐国栋.民法基本原则解释M.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992.79.; 5韩松.民法学M.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.62.; 6马元.中国民法教程M.北京:人民法院出版社,1989.24.; 7徐国栋.诚实信用原则二题J.法学研究,2002,(4):75.; 8张秋敏、李松冰.合同法诚实信用原则与市场经济J.商业研究,2003,(14):250.; 9黄娟.诚实信用原则在社会主义市场经济中发挥的作用J.科技与对策,2001,(7):155.; 10孟勤国.置疑帝王条款J.法学评论,2002,(2):137.organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published < > and < > League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department "on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the" Five "team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. "On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the" mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of <XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan "". To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt "arrangement menu" course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of <XX editing of young talent ", the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the "feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step" principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of "Three Represents" as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around "11th Five-Year XX" the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the "11th Five-Year" planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the "Three Represents" important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of "Three Represents" armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of "Three Represents" with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice,
