构词法(compounding).ppt

第二组：第二组： 张科张科 李佳李佳 余鹏华余鹏华 肖鲜肖鲜 袁思琦袁思琦 Introduction Definition Types Characteristics Formation Conclusion Introduction Couldyou expressthemin English? PigtailDog-earCats-pawChickenhead LionsshareAss-kisserFox-sleep Areyouright? Definition Definition Compoundi ng (also called compositio n), is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Types Solidhyphenatedopen Solidhyphenatedopen Solidhyphenatedopen Characteristics Compound ablackhorse abluebird afathead ahothouse Free phrase ablackhorse abluebird afathead ahothouse Phonologicalfeatures In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second elements is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. This is the Phonetic feature of the compounds. Semanticfeatures 1. American cloth 2. British warm 3. French leave 4.Spanish athlete 5. Chinese copy 6. Turkish delight 7. Indian meal 8. Dutch treat 美产布料 厚呢短大衣 不辞而别 西班牙运动员 与原物一模一样 的复制品 土耳其软糖 印度大餐 AA制 彩色油布 英国式的暖日 法式告别 吹牛者 中国版本 土耳其式狂欢 玉米粉 荷兰招待方式 Read the following compounds, and then guess their meanings Theirmeaningsdonotjustfollowsthe“1+1 Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenot thecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwo elementsinthecompound. Compoundsaredifferentfromfreephrasesin “one-wordness”.Everycompoundshould expressasingleideajustasoneword.Thisisthe Semanticfeatureofcompounds. -examples Althoughmanycompoundstendtohavesenses notwhollypredictablefromtheconstituent bases,forexample,darkroom(roomusedfor photographicprocessing) Therearequiteanumberofcompoundswhoare transparent,thatisthemeaningcanbeinferred fromtheseparateelementsofcompounds.e.g. washingmachine,dumbshow Grammaticalfeatures Readthefollowingsentencesandchangethe sentencesintopluralforms.Payattentiontothe underlinedwords. Thereisanew-bornleftonthecornerofthestreet. Thiskindergartenonlyacceptthree-year-oldand above. Sheisthemostfamousgo-betweeninthisarea. Itisdifficulttofindareallygoodbabysitter. Thishouseiscooledbyair-conditioner. Q:Howaretheychangedintopluralforms?Isit necessarytoadd“-s”toeachelementofthe compounds? Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammatical roleinasentence,forexample,averb,anoun,or anadjective.Thus,thecompoundsintheabove sentencesshowtheirpluralformsbytaking inflectional“-s”attheend. 1.Ofcourse,thereareexceptionssuchas brothers-in-law,lookers-on,etc.Inspiteofthis, theirsinglegrammaticalroleisapparent. 2.Inadjective-nouncompounds,the adjectiveelementcannottakeinflectional suffixes,forexample:hotlinecantbehotter line. Formation According to word class, there are 3 categories of compounds in total: Noun compounds: nightfall, watchdog Adjective compounds: airsick, far-reaching Verb compounds: bottle-feed, brain-wash, lip read A.wordclassofthecompoundingelements n.+n.(ashtray,hydrogenbomb,barcode), adj.+n.(blueprint,dark-room,harddisc,deadline), adv.+n.(downtown,upgrade,undercloth;), -ing+n.(chewinggum,readinglamp,leadingarticle,) n.+-ing(sightseeing,daydreaming). v.+n.(swearword,breakwater,driveway) n.+v.(nightfall,toothpick,watersupply) v.+adv.(show-off,put-off,follow-up) adv.+v.(outlet,upset,downfall,upstart,onflow) B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements: daydreaming,sightseeingn+v-ing daydreaming=dreamsduringtheday,i.e.verb+adverbial. sightseeing=seessights,i.e.verb+object a.sub.andv.: heartbeat,crybaby,commandingofficer,revolvingdoor, rainfall b.v.andobj.: pickpocket,birthcontrol,dressmaking,housekeeping c.v.andadv.: swimmingpool,divingboard,drinkingcup,typingpaper, walkingstick d.Sub.andobj.: Steamboat,honeybee,powerplant e.Restrictiverelation(the1stelementrestricts/modifiesthe meaningof2nd): Raindrop,tablecloth,ashtray;breakfasttime,safety-belt f.Appositiverelation: apeasantgirl;apinetree,agirlfriend, stringcompound dead-letteroffice;test-tubebaby;commanders-in-chief; bread-and-butter;give-and-take;come-and-go;hide-and- seek Compoundnounscanalsobeformedfromphrasalverbs. sit-in,dropout,phone-in,breakdown,walk-ons,walkout, setback;take-off A.wordclassofthecompoundingelements a.withadj.attheend n.+adj.fat-free,toll-free,care-free,dust-free,dog-tired, home-sick,worldfamous,tone-deaf,lifelong adj.+adj.wet-cold,icy-cold,red-hot,light-blue,bitter- sweet -ing+adj.smoking-hot,soaking-wet,freezing-cold,biting- cold adv.+adj.ever-victorious,over-cautious,all-round A. wordclassofthecompoundingelements b.withv.attheend n.+-ingpeace-loving,time-saving,ocean-going n.+-edheart-felt,air-borne,home-made,book-filled, poverty-stricken adj/adv.+-ingeasy-going,hard-working,everlasting adj/adv.+-ednewly-developed,well-balanced,hard-won A. wordclassofthecompoundingelements c.withn.attheend n.+n.-edchicken-hearted,honey-mouthed,paper-backed adj.+n.-edshort-sighted,hot-tempered,tender-hearted adj.+n.long-distance,full-length,white-collar,red-letter B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements: a.adj.+adverbial adverbialofcomparison:(asas)stone-deaf,dog-tired adverbialofdegree:(sothat)steaming-hot,wringing- wet adverbialofcause:(because)home-sick,travel-worn, adverbialofplaces:world-famous,oven-fresh B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements: b.v.+adverbial adverbialofmanner:hard-working,quick-frozen adverbialofdegree:far-reaching,half-baked adverbialoftime:new-born,ever-lasting adverbialofplaces:ocean-going,home-made B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements: c.Sub.andv.:thunder-struck,weather-beaten(rock), suntanned(skin),heartsick d.V.andobj.:fault-finding,peace-loving,record-breaking, breath-taking e.n.andadj. 1)Then.denotingrespect.taxfree,seasick,watertight, fire-proof B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements: 2)then.denotingthethingwithwhichtheadj.is compared(as+adj.+as+n.,adj.liken.):oceangreen, crystal-clear,knee-deep,shoulder-high f.Coordinatingrelationship:Thetwoadj.areina coordinatingrelationship bittersweet,Anglo-Frenchrelation,social-political,shabby- genteel Thoseformedbyback-formation(a“reversal”of derivation,forinstance,house-keepformedfrom housekeepingandhousekeeper),e.g. totape-record;tobabysit;towindow-shop; tomassproduce;toair-condition Thoseformedbyconversion.Inthiscase,theverb compoundsareconvertedfromnouncompounds;e.g. tonickname,tooutline, tomachine-gun,tosnowball Conclusion conclusion 复合词的种类繁多。从词性看，有复合介词（alongsideof, notwithstanding），复合连接词（whenever,whereas）， 复合副词（indeed,moreover），复合代词（myself, another），复合数词（twenty-five,nine-tenths），句式复 合词（thatwhats-his-namefel-low）等等。而数量最多的 是复合名词，其次是复合形容词，再次是复合动词。 Thanks