英语国家概况(英国部分Unit2).ppt

Do You Know?,Focus In,1 Get Ready-main,Do You Know?,1.1,From the following video clip, can you tell the elements of Britishness?,Do You Know?,1.1-video,II,Have a general idea of the ethnical composition of the British people Be informed of the statistics about the British population Know something about the languages in Britain Understand the class structure in Britain Know about Britishness,Focus In,1.2,An aging country,2 text -main,What are the elements of the British identity?,Class consciousness,What are the ethnic groups in the UK?,An English-speaking country?,How is the population distributed in the UK?,In historic times, migrants from the European mainland joined the indigenous population of Britain during the Roman Empire and during the invasions of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings and Normans from Northern and Western Europe.,2.1.1 Names for Britain,1. Ethnic origins,The Irish have long made homes in Great Britain. Many Jews arrived in Britain toward the end of the 19th century and in the 1930s. After 1945 large numbers of other European refugees settled in the country. The large immigrant communities from the West Indies and South Asia date from the 1950s and 1960s. There are also substantial groups of Americans, Australians, and Chinese, as well as various other Europeans, such as Greeks, Russians, Poles, Serbs, Estonians, Latvians, Armenians, Turkish Cypriots, Italians, and Spaniards. Beginning in the early 1970s, Ugandan Asians and immigrants from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka have sought,2.1.1,2. Immigrants,2. Immigrants,2.1.1,refuge in the UK. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin account for more than half of the total ethnic minority population, and people of West Indian origin are the next largest group. The foreign-born element of the population is disproportionately concentrated in inner-city areas, and more than half live in Greater London.,Ethnicity in England and Wales,Roman Empire,2.1.2,The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus. Because of the Empires vast extent and long endurance, the institutions and culture of Rome had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and forms of government in the territory it governed, particularly Europe, and by means of European expansionism throughout the modern world.,Angles, Saxons, and Jutes,2.1.2,The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, and their name is the root of the name “England”. The Saxons were a confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Their modern-day descendants are generally considered ethnic Germans, Dutch, or English. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the 5th century.,2.1.2,The Jutes were a Germanic people who were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of their time. The Jutes, along with some Angles, Saxons and Frisians, sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain from the late 4th century onwards, either displacing, absorbing, or destroying the native Celtic peoples there. They finally settled in Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight.,Angles, Saxons, and Jutes,Vikings,2.1.2,The term Viking is customarily used to refer to the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th century. These Norsemen used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga River in Russia, and as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland, and as far south as Al Andalus. This period of Viking expansion known as the Viking Age forms a major part of the medieval history of Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe in general.,Normans,2.1.2,The Normans were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for their martial spirit and Christian piety. They quickly adopted the Romance language of the land they settled off, their dialect becoming known as Norman, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was one of the great large fiefs of medieval France. Norman adventurers established a kingdom in Sicily and southern Italy by conquest, and a Norman expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman Conquest of England.,West Indies,2.1.3,Do you know where “West Indies” is?,West Indies isa group of islands that extends in an arc from near southern Florida to the coast of Venezuela. The West Indies archipelago, which includes thousands of tiny islands, forms a breakwater 3,200-km long against the Atlantic Ocean, separating it from the Caribbean Sea. European explorer Christopher Columbus gave the region that name in error when he arrived in 1492. He assumed that the islands were near the coast of India.,An aging country,2.2 Where Is the UK Located?,Compared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percentage of older people, with 15.8 percent over the age of 65; those under the age of 14 years make up only 17.7 percent of the population. Life expectancy in 2005 was 75.94 years for men and 80.96 years for women. This pattern is expected to continue.,Demographics of UK population by age,1. Population statistics,2.3,The United Kingdom has a population of 60,209,500 (2005 estimate), with an average population density of 243 persons per square kilometre (629 per square mile), one of the highest in the world. According to 2004 statistics, England is the most populated part of the United Kingdom, with 50,093,800 people, which means about four-fifths of the UK population resides in England. It has a population density of 383 persons per square kilometre. Scotland possesses 5,078,400 people, and a population density of 65 persons per square kilometre. Wales has 2,952,500 people, with a population density of 142 persons per square kilometre. Northern Irelands population is 1,710,300, and it has 125 persons per square kilometre.,2. Urban population,2.3,The UK population is overwhelmingly urban, with 89.4 percent living in urban areas and 10.6 percent living in rural areas. The Industrial Revolution (17501850) built up major urban areas, and most of British people live in and around them to this day. Englands population is densest in the London area, around Birmingham and Coventry in the Midlands, and in northern England near the old industrial centres of Leeds, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, and Newcastle upon Tyne. In the 1980s and 1990s southern England, particularly the southeast, became a centre of population growth, due in large part to the growth of the,2. Urban population,2.3,high-tech and service sectors of the economy. In Wales two-thirds of the people live in the industrial southern valleys. In Scotland three-quarters of the people live in the central lowlands, around Glasgow to the west and Edinburgh to the east. About half of the people living in Northern Ireland reside in the eastern portion, in Belfast and along the coast.,2. Urban population,2.3,Largest cities of the United Kingdom,1. Celtic languages,2.4,Of the surviving languages, the earliest Indo-European language to arrive was the Celtic, from which Irish, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic, among others, have developed. Of these, Welsh, closely tied to the cultural nationalism of Wales, is the strongest. Today about one-fifth of the total population of Wales, especially in the north and west, are able to speak it. Many schools in this region offer bilingual education, and there is a Welsh-language television channel. In 1993, after long and considerable agitation by Welsh nationalists, the government made Welsh a joint official language with English in Wales for,2.3,use in the courts, the civil service, and other aspects of the public sector. Scottish Gaelic is strongest among the inhabitants of the islands of the Outer Hebrides and Skye, although it is still heard in the nearby North West Highlands. Because only less than 2 percent Scots are able to speak Gaelic, it has long ceased to be a national language. Even in northwestern areas, where it remains the language of religion, business, and social activity, Gaelic is losing ground. Similarly, very little Irish is spoken in Ireland.,1. Celtic languages,2.3,1. Celtic languages,Welsh and English,2.3,Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (who all arrived in Britain in the 5th century AD) and heavily influenced by the language of the Danes (Vikings), who began raiding the British Isles in about AD 790 and subsequently colonised parts of northern and eastern England. From the 11th to 14th century, under the French-speaking Norman kings, a hybrid speech combining Anglo-Saxon and Norman French elements developed and gradually became the official language, known as Middle English today. This hybrid language, along with many other,2. English,2.3,other additions, subsequently evolved into modern English. Today Englishistheofficial language of the United Kingdom and is the first language of the vast majority of its citizens (being spoken monolingually by roughly 95 percent of the UK population). Some people in England regard regional accents and slang as substandard. On the other hand, many local people, such as Cockneys in East London and people in northern England, enjoy their particular way of speaking, regarding it as warmer and friendlier than Standard English. Scottish people appreciate the Scottish accent so much very,2. English,2.3,that they insist the BBC carry programmes with Scottish-accented speakers. English is the predominant language in Northern Ireland, although at least some of the Roman Catholic minority speak Irish, another Gaelic dialect, as a second language. Despite the large variety of dialects in every part of the UK, the most common form of English is that used by the British ruling class of southeastern England. This form of the language is associated with Received Pronunciation (RP), which is still regarded by many people outside the UK as “the British accent”.,2. English,2.3,Cockney,Have you heard of “Cockney”?,The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations. Geographically and culturally, it often refers to working-class Londoners, particularly those in the East End. Linguistically, it refers to the form of English spoken by this group.,Class consciousness,2.5,Britain was once a class-ridden society. Today, multiculturalism and a changing economy are gradually eroding the British class system, but some features of the system still remain. The British society has often been considered to be divided into three main classes: the Upper Class Often people with inherited wealth. Includes some of the oldest families, with many of them being titled aristocrats. the Middle Class The majority of the population of Britain. They include industrialists, professionals, business people and shop owners.,2.5,the Lower or Working Class People who are agricultural, mine and factory workers. Although some people in the UK still refer to themselves as “working-class”, “lower-middle” or “upper-middle” (and of course there are those who think of themselves as the “elite” class), to the majority of the British the meanings dont seem to matter much these days.,Class identity in contemporary Britain,Class consciousness,What are the elements of the British identity?,2.6,While the content of “Britishness” is shared across most groups, there are important differences in the ways in which different groups and individuals are related to, and identified with, Britishness. UK passport holders all know they are British citizens, but not everyone attaches value or significance to being British. In Scotland and Wales, white and ethnic minority people identify more strongly with each respective country than with Britain. In England, white English perceive themselves as English first and as British second, while ethnic minority people perceive themselves as British, second,What are the elements of the British identity?,2.6,not English, a label they associate exclusively with white people. Thus, the people who identify most strongly with Britishness are those from ethnic minority backgrounds resident in England. Ethnic minority people also draw on other sources of identification: religion (for Muslims only); ethnicity (region, country or continent of origins, and their associated cultures); and race or colour (for black Caribbean and black African participants only). These various identities become more or less salient in different situations. They are seen as being compatible with Britishness.,What are the elements of the British identity?,2.6,These features suggest that the contemporary British are a very diverse people with varying identities. There has been strong voice arguing for multiculturalism or separate development of cultural groups and the preservation of their identities. Others, however, advocate cultural very,Elements of Britishness,assimilation. The latter implies an acceptance of basic common values, including those represented by civic social and political structures, which have primacy over cultural identities.,3.1,True or False,Multiple Choice,Discussion,1. The English, the Scots, and the Welsh are Anglo-Saxons, but the Irish are Celts. 2. London and England as a whole have great influence over the rest of the United Kingdom because of their large population. 3. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin are the largest group of immigrants in Britain. 4. Compared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of older people and a higher percentage of younger people.,F,( ),True or False,3.1,T,( ),T,( ),F,( ),3.1,T,( ),F,( ),T,( ),F,( ),F,( ),5. The Welsh language is the official language in Wales. 6. Scottish Gaelic is the official language in Scotland. 7. The English language is the predominant language in Northern Ireland. 8. English people all strive to free themselves of regional or local accents in order to sound like educated English-speaking people. 9. Social class in the UK lays more emphasis on money and property.,True or False,3.1,10. Britishness is associated with political, historical, technological, sporting, and cultural achievements in Britain.,T,( ),True or False,1. The English people and the English language were born