大学英语B统考英语B电大英语B网考英语B小抄.doc

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Keys: DBACCIn the water around New York Keys: CDACB No one is glad to hear that Keys: BCBCAA pretty, well-dressed young Keys:AABDCPeople have been talking about Keys:BDABA Background music may seem harmless Keys:DACBD On February 14th many people in the Keys:BCCDAMy Aunt Edith was a widow（寡妇） of 50 Keys:BCADAWe were sorry that we had to ask the Keys:CAADB The weather seems to be everybodys Keys:DACBC Man has always wanted to fly. Some Keys:DBACC A film was at the Circle Five Ranch Keys:DBBADMy husband and I got married in 1981 Keys:BCCBD Last Friday a storm tore through two Keys:BBDBD The fourth Thursday in November is Keys:ACBDB Grandma was a wonderful story-teller Keys:CABA? 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Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.But why? Its easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music how we process it mentally dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when were unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger but if we then find what were looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious predictions about whats coming next. If were right, the brain gives itself a little reward as wed now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.Why should we care, though, whether our musical expectations are right or not? Its not as if our life depended on them. Ah, says musicologist David Huron of Ohio State University, but perhaps once it did. Making predictions about our environment interpreting what we see and hear, say, on the basis of only partial information could once have been essential to our survival, and indeed still often is, for example when crossing the road. And involving the emotions in these anticipations could have been a smart idea. On the African savannah, our ancestors did not have the luxury of mulling over whether that screech was made by a harmless monkey or a predatory lion. By bypassing the “logical brain” and taking a shortcut to the primitive limbic circuits that control our emotions, the mental processing of sound could prompt a rush of adrenalin a gut reaction that prepares us to get out of there anyway.