2015年职称英语考试概括大意专项模拟题(理工类B级).pdf

Breaking the News about Your Diagnosis 1 When I was diagnosed with breast cancer nearly a year ago, I found myself at a loss for words at first. Over time, however, I developed some pointers (点子), which I hope will help others. 2 During the first few weeks of emotional aftershocks (余 悸) from the diagnosis, I found myself unable to utter the word cancer. Still, I wanted to share the news with my relatives and friends who already knew that Id had a biopsy (活检) and were anxiously awaiting my telephone call. I did the best I could, which is all anyone can do in this situation. When I called them, I said, What we feared has happened. They immediately knew what I meant. 3 Nearly a year after my diagnosis, I find myself more comfortable telling people 1 was diagnosed with cancer instead of saying 1 have cancer. On some deep level, I dont want to own this illness. Choose language that suits you when you share your news. And keep in mind that there is no one right way of doing this. 4 Most people, after hearing your announcement, will be curious about the next step. They may wonder if you will be undergoing radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy (化疗).They may wonder where and when you will have surgery. Answer their questions as best you can, but keep in mind that 1 dont know right now or Im still in too much shock to think about that are good answers. 5 Wait until the initial wave of strong emotions has passed before telling the children in your life. Dont overwhelm (使 不知所措) very young children with too much information. Assure them that, even if you will be in the hospital for a while, they will see you every day and they will be cared for. Older children may already fear the word cancer, so be prepared to reassure them. Emphasize the positive steps that doctors will be taking to treat your illness. 1. Paragraph 2 . 2. Paragraph 3 . 3. Paragraph 4 . 4. Paragraph 5 . A Break the news as calmly as possible to children B Break the news at your own pace C Share the good news with your friends D Choose language that suits you E Follow your doctors advice F Be prepared for peoples curiosity 5. You can break the news about your diagnosis without saying_. 6. When breaking the news about your diagnosis, you can have_. 7.Afterhearingaboutyourdiagnosis,peoplewillask questions_. 8. Very young children wont feel comfortable_. A your own choice of words B the word cancer C the positive steps D about the next step E on too many answers F with too much information 答案 1. B2. D3. F4. A 5. B6. A7. D8. F Old Man Myths and Realities 1When does a middle-aged man become an old man? Officially, of course, its when we reach retirement age. But, as we all know, this is a fairly blunt (生硬的) method of decision making. As life expectancy (预期寿命) increases, retirement planning needs to be changed. This is because being an old man today is very different from what it was a generation or so ago. 2Sixty-five is the new middle-aged man. These days people are talking about the young-old, that is ages 70-75, and those over 75 as the old-old. The young-old frequently continue in good health and maintain strong links with friends and family. The old-old have a much higher chance of poor health and social isolation. 3Although men are living longer, there are still more old women than old men. This fact alone should arouse interest as to why. Relatively little is actually known about why this is the case or about the experiences of the old man. Sure, we are aware that the old man experiences anxiety, financial problems, loneliness, etc., but thats really about all we know. 4It is usually believed that the old man often complains about their health. In fact, most rate their health as good even though most are diagnosed with at least one chronic illness. The physical health of the old man is strongly affected by their health behavior when they were younger. 1Paragraph 1. 2Paragraph 2. 3Paragraph 3. 4Paragraph 4. ANew definitions of the old man BChanging concept of the old man CHealth of the old man DHappy old man and sad old man ELimited knowledge of the old mans experiences FContempt for the old man 5Nowadays men generally live longer than. 6A man in his mid-60s is now regarded as. 7Moreresearchshouldbedoneontheexperiences of. 8Most old men consider themselves to be. Ain good health Bin the past Cin the wrong Dthe old man Ea middle-aged man Fa young man 答案： 23. B24. A25. E26. C 27. B 28. E29. D30. A Teach Your Child Science 1 It is important to make your child interested in science from an early age. Most young children ask a lot of questions and you should give careful scientific answers. Dont only give facts, but try to give explanations as well. 2 Science is not just knowledge; it is a way of thinking, a method of finding out about the world. We see something. We try to explain it, and we test our idea by setting up an experiment. One day you come home and find the plant on the table has fallen over. You think it might be the wind from the open window or the cat, so you close the window, but leave the cat in and see what happens (you can also try leaving the window open and shutting the cat out). Of course, you remember there may be a third explanation. 3 Ask your child to get a piece of string, some salt, a glass of water and an ice cube (冰块). Tell her to put the ice in the water, and then put one end of the string on the ice, leaving the other end over the side of the glass. Put a little salt on the ice. Wait a minute, and then pull the string; it should be attached to the ice. Ask the child: What has happened? 4 Probably she wont know. Ask her whether fresh water or salt water freezes into ice first. If you live near the sea and have a cold winter, she should know fresh water freezes first as she will have seen that happen Show her how to test the idea by half-filling two paper cups with water, adding salt to one. Then put them in the icebox and check every three minutes. Write the results in a table. The conclusion will be that salt changes the behaviour of water. Thinking about the string, we see the salt turned some of the ice into water. Then the salt went away into the water and the ice froze again leaving the string attached. 5 Then you can ask, Will water with salt boil at the same temperature as water without salt? She can think, tell you her idea and (taking care because of the heat) you can test it in the kitchen. 1 Paragraph 1. 2 Paragraph 2. 3 Paragraph 3. 4 Paragraph 4. A What exactly is science? B How do you find an explanation? C What topics do you need? D How do you answer your childs questions? E Where does your child study science? F How do you set up the experiment on salt and water? 5 When your child, asks you questions, you should give her. 6 We Set up experiments to test our ideas about. 7 In the experiment, one end of the string was attached to. 8Theexperimentshowsthatsaltchangesthebehaviour of. A the icebox B the ice C scientific answers D the experiment E the world F water 【参考答案】 1. D2. A3. F4. B 5. C6. E7. B8. F The Price of idleness Household devices waste a lot of energy doing nothing 1 Electrical devices such as CD players, videos and burglar alarms are consuming more energy in stand-by mode than when they are actually being used. 2 Maria Sanchez and her colleagues from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, tested more than 50 small electrical appliances, from computers to doorbells, electric movers, VCRs, and pool pumps. In the current issue of Energy Policy, they report that about half of all consumer electronics energy is used in stand-by mode. This costs American consumers $1 billion a year in wasted energy. 3 The researchers say that while electronic devices are lying dormant (休眠状态), running their clocks, maintaining internal memories or displaying their settings, they consume around 40 terawatt hours of electricity in the US every year - enough to power a city such as Chicago or London. Many machines use almost as much power on stand-by as when working. For example, it takes 15 watts to play a typical CD, but an average of 11 watts to keep it on stand-by. Satellite TV systems use 14 watts when active and 14 watts on stand-by. Given the long hours these systems spend idling, each uses far more power in stand-by mode than when actually working. 4 Bad design is largely to blame, says Sanchez. In a separate survey of CD players last year, her colleague Wolfgang Huber found that two machines with similar features used 28 watts and 2 watts respectively on stand-by. For most products, we believe that stand-by power can be reduced to one watt or less, says Sanchez. 5 She backs proposals to set up a national labeling system to promote machines that meet this standard. Such a system could reduce stand-by power consumption in the US by 50 per cent, says co-author Alan Meier - more than 20 terawatt hours per year. Last month, electronics company Philips announced the launch of a device that can dramatically reduce the power used in stand-by mode. 1 Paragraph 2 _ 2 Paragraph 3 _ 3 Paragraph 4 _ 4 Paragraph 5 _ A Factor Leading to Energy Waste B Home Appliances C Proposals to Cut Energy Consumption D Energy Consumption Test E Terawatt Hours F Nonessential Electricity Use 5 In the US the home appliances use _ 6 The energy wasted by the electronic devices in the US is sufficient to _. 7 It is found that power waste is mainly caused by _ 8 Philips started to develop a device that can greatly reduces _ A bad design B the total energy of the country C power a large city D the most energy E wasted energy F stand-by power consumption 参考答案：D、 F、 A、 C、 D、 C、 F、 E Study Shows Faces Are Processed Like Words 1 Although they are dramatically different, words and faces are both recognized by parts, according to a study published in February in the Journal of Vision, an online, free access publication of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). 2 It has been suggested that faces and words are recognized differently, that faces are identified by wholes, whereas words and other objects are identified by parts. 3 However, Marialuisa Martelli, Najib Majaj, and Denis Pelli, three neuroscientists from New York University, conducted a study that finds individuals use letters to recognize words and facial features to recognize faces. 4 To reach this finding, experiments were performed in which observers were asked to focus on a black dot, to the right of which was a letter. To the left of the dot was a three-letter word in which the letter to the right was in the middle of that word. The visual experiments also involved manipulated faces and facial features. In this case, observers would focus on a black dot. To the dots right were lips that were fat or thin, or smiling or frowning. To the left of the dot was an entire face. 5 When the words to the left were spaced normally and the face was of normal proportions, subjects had a great deal of difficulty identifying out of their peripheral vision the letter and the characteristics of the lips. Pelli concludes that context hinders identification and crowds what is to be identified. 6 In a second experiment, the observers were presented with a context that proved to make recognition easier. Where letter identification was involved, the letters comprising the word to the left of the dot were spread out. When faces were involved, the facial features similarly were spread apart. In this experiment, subjects found naming the letter and recognizing the type of lips to the dots right far easier. In this case, Pelli notes, to recognize a word or face, each letter or facial feature must be isolated from the rest. 7 These measures appear to be identifying what kind of computation is performed by the brain in doing this, says Pelli. The brain, he says, is recognizing these objects by parts, not as wholes. Our visual system recognizes bite-sized pieces of our world, and our brain assembles them into the perceptual objects that constitute our environment. 23 Paragraph 4 _. 24 Paragraph 5 _. 25 Paragraph 6 _. 26 Paragraph 7 _. ABrain recognizes objects by parts BContextpreventidentificationandcrowdsbeing identified. CHow does the brain perform computation DWhen recognize a word or face, each letter or facial feature must be isolated from the rest. Efaces and words are recognized differently Fobservers were asked to focus on a black dot 27In the past people believe _. 28naming the letter and recognizing the type of lips to the dots right become more easier because _. 29our brain _. 30Our visual system _. Aletters and the facial features spread apart Ball things are identified by wholes Cfaces are identified by wholes Drecognizes our world by pieces Erecognizing objects by parts and assembles them into the perceptual objects Fcontext hinders identification and crowds what is to be identified. 参考答案：23. F24. B25. D26. C27. C28. A 29. E30. D