曼昆经济学定义.doc
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1、真诚为您提供优质参考资料,若有不当之处,请指正。Chapter1Scarcity(缺乏): the limited nature of societys resources.Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scare resources.Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity fair
2、ly among the members of society.Opportunity cost(机会成本): whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives.Marginal changes(边际变量):small incremental(增加的) adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive:
3、something that induces a person to act.Market economy(市场经济):an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Property rights(产权): the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarc
4、e resources.Market failure(市场失灵):a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality(外部性): the impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power(市场势力): the ability of a single economic actor(or a small group of actors) to have a
5、 substantial influence on market prices. 如:垄断 monopolyProductivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Business cycle: fluctuations(起伏) in economic activity, such as employment and producti
6、on.5 / 5Chapter2Circular-flow diagram(循环流动图): a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Production possibilities frontier(生产能力边界线):a graph that shows the combination of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors
7、 of production and the available production technology.产出的组合 ,经济可能产生的可用因素的生产和现有的生产技术.Positive statements(实证表述):claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.Normative statements(规范表述):claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be.Import:goods produced abroad and sold domestically. Ex
8、port:goods produced domestically and sold abroad.Chapter3Absolute advantage(绝对优势): the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer.(比较的是生产量)Comparative advantage(比较优势):the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.(比较的是机会成本)Chapter4Market: a g
9、roup of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.Competitive market(竞争市场): a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible(可以忽略的) impact on the market price.Quantity demanded(需求量):the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.Law o
10、f demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule(需求一览表): a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.(表格)Demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a
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