高三语法主谓一致.doc
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1、1 / 14专题十二 主谓一致【专题要点】主谓一致考点概览:1.集合名词作主语时的主谓一致;2.主语从句作主语时谓语的确定;3.or, either-or, nor, neither-nor, not only-but (also), not-but等连接两个并列主语时的主谓一致情况;4.主语+as well as, with, together with, along with, rather than, but, except, besides等词时的主谓一致;5.由不同数词修饰的名词作主语时谓语的确定;6.定语从句中谓语的数;7.the+形容词作主语时谓语的确定;8.时间、距离等度量名词
2、作主语时谓语的数。【考纲要求】考纲要求考生掌握主谓一致的三大原则即语法一致、逻辑意义一致、就近原则;掌握主谓一致的特殊用法;学会分析句式,排除干扰,分清主谓,明了句子的主谓关系。【教法指引】分析近五年来的高考题可以发现,高考对主谓一致的考查几乎每年都有所涉及,但题量不大,其因为是这项语法用法比较固定、单纯,教师只要给学生讲清主谓一致的“三大原则”,让学生记住这些用法就能很好地把这项语法学会;当然高考命题多以特殊点为切入点,让学生注意三大原则里边的一些变化如:not only -but also连接主语是应该按照就近原则。 not only he and she-but also-这样的结构仍然
3、还是就近原则,只不过主语为he and she。引导学生复习好主谓一致常考题型如:1. 单数名词(代词),不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式,复数名词(代词)作主语,谓语用复数形式。The desk is Toms. 这张桌子是汤姆的。 Some water is in the bottle. 一些水在瓶子里。 The students are playing football on the playground. 这些学生正在操场上踢足球。 2. many a+单数名词作主语,意义虽为“许多”,但谓语要用单数形式。Many a student has been to Shanghai. 许多
4、学生到过上海。 3. more than one+单数名词作主语,谓语用单数。More than one student has ever been to Beijing. 不止一个学生曾经去过北京。 4. 表示时间,价格,重量,数目,长度,数学运算等的词或短语作主语时,这些通常作一个整体概念,谓语用单数形式。例如: Two months is a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。 Twenty pounds isnt so heavy. 2 0英镑并不太重。 Ten miles isnt a long distance. 1 0英里并不是一段很长的距离。 Five minus
5、four is one. 5减4等于1。 5. 主语是each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词时,谓语动词用单数。Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。 Every man and every woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作。 6. one and a half+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。One and a half hours is enough. 一个半小时足够了。 7. 动词不定式,动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。To see is to beli
6、eve 眼见为实。 Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes. 做眼睛保健操对你的眼睛十分有益。因此在实际操练中要指导学法,掌握基本用法,注意变化就能突破。【知识网络】 主谓一致用法在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 (一)语法一致原则:语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。His father
7、 is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。What I bought were thr
8、ee English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both . and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意: 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用
9、单数形式。如:The writer and artist has come.; / 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than,
10、no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。
11、如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意: 在口语中当either或neither后跟有"of+复数名词(或代词)"作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等
12、作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard.注意:He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree
13、upon a monitor. 注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由"a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词"构成的短语以及由"分数或百分数+名词"构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the l
14、ecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意: a number of"许多",作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the number of".的数量",主语是number,谓语用单数。 8、在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. (二)逻辑意义一致原则:逻辑意义一
15、致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示"时间、重量、长度、价值"等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式, 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:Thirty minutes is en
16、ough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如: "The Arabian Nights"is an interesting story-book. 4、表数量的短语"one and a half"后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is tw
17、enty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些学科名词是以 -ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn't easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the)
18、 pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、"定冠词the + 形容词或分词",表示某一类人时,动词用复数。 (三)就近一致原则:在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1、当两个主语由either . or, neither . nor, whether . or ., not only . but also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如:Either the teacher or the students
19、are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 注意:Here引导的句子用法同上。 (四)主谓一致应注意的几个问题: A)名词作主语 1)某些集体名词(如family,team等)作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果就其中一
20、个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: The whole family are watching TV? His family is going to have a long journey 这类名词有:audience,class,club,committee,company, crew,crowd,enemy,government,group,party,public,team,etc. 名词population一词的使用情况跟上述类似。例如: The population in China is very large,and eighty percent of the populat
21、ion in China are farmers. “a group(crowd)of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分。 2)某些集体名词(如people,police,cattle,militia等)只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。例如: The police are searching for him 3)单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。例如: A sheep is over there, Some sheep are over there 4)名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等,作主
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