最新高中英语语法表优秀名师资料.doc
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1、高中英语语法表高中语法表(清晰好看) 语法表 一(名词 I. 名词的种类: 专有名词 普通名词 可数名词 不可数名词 国名地名人名,团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 一般情况在词尾加-s 1 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 2 watch-watches, dish-dishes 变-
2、f和-fe为v再加leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, 以-f或-fe-es loaf-loaves, wife-wives 3 结尾的词 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, 加-s roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变yparty-parties, family-families, 4 为i加-es story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,
3、 5 专有名词以y结尾的,加-s Henry-Henrys 以辅音字hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, 一般加-es 6 母加-o结potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 尾的名词 piano-pianos, photo-photos, 不少外来词加-s auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ 两者皆可 volcanos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 7 zoo-zoos trut
4、h-truths, mouth-mouths, 以-th结尾的名词加-s 8 month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数: 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, 1 形式 goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, 单复数相同 2 species li, yuan, jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, 只有复数
5、形式 3 glasses, compasses, contents 一些集体名词总是用作复数 4 people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, crowd, couple, 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整group, committee, government, 5 体)也可以作复数(成员) population, crew, team, public, enemy, party customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), 复数形式表示特别含义 spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands
6、(沙滩), 6 papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, 表示加-s Swedes, Europeans “某单复数同形 7 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 国以-man或-woman结尾人” Englishmen, Frenchwomen 的改为-men,-women sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, 将主体名词变为复数 st
7、ory-tellers, boy friends 合成无主体名词时将最后一8 名词 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 部分变为复数 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s所有格的构成: the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws 单数名词在末尾加s photo, 一般在末尾加 the t
8、eachers room, the twins mother, 复数名不规则复数名词后词 the childrens toys, womens rights, 加s Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者 house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词Japans and Americas problems, Janes and 末尾均须加s Marys bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后Japan and Americas problems, Jane and 一词末加s Marys father 表示:某人家:店铺:,所
9、有the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my 格后名词省略 uncles 2. s所有格的用法: , 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 表示自然现象 2 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 表示国家城市等地方the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas 3 的名词 industry 表示工作群体 4 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory 表示度量
10、衡及价值 5 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples 与人类活动有特殊关6 the lifes time, the plays plot 系的名词 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits 某些固定词组 7 end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的
11、词:the struggle of the oppressed 二(冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法: 指一类人或事,相当于a kind 1 A plane is a machine that can fly. of 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 2 A boy is waiting for you. 表示“每一”相当于every,3 We study eight hours a day. one 表示“相同”相当于the same 4 We are nearly of an age. 用于人名前,表示不认识此人A Mr. Smith ca
12、me to visit you when you 或与某名人有类似性质的人5 were out 或事 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a 用于固定词组中 6 hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, 7 This room is rather a big one. what, such之后 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词She is as clever a girl as you can w
13、ish to 8 之后 meet. II. 定冠词的用法: 表示某一类人或物 1 The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 2 Ocean 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到3 Would you mind opening the door? 过的人或事 用于乐器前面 4 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 5 the reach, the living, the wounded 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 6 the G
14、reens, the Wangs 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最7 He is the taller of the two children. 高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山the United States, the Communist 8 川群岛的名词前 Party of China, the French 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 9 The compass was invented in China. 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的10 in the 1990s 某个年代 用于表示单位的名词前 11 I hired the car by the hour. 用于方位名词,身体
15、部位名词,及12 He patted me on the shoulder. 表示时间的词组前 III. 零冠词的用法: 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人1 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名地名等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, I want this book, not that one. / 2 each, every等限制 Whose purse is this? 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三3 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 餐前 Lincoln wa
16、s made President of 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 4 America. 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 5 He likes playing football/chess. 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 6 by train, by air, by land 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用husband and wife, knife and fork, day 7 时 and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 8 Horses are useful animals. 三(代词: I. 代词可以分为以下七大类: 人主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, y
17、ou, they 称1 代宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 词 物形容词my, your, his, her, its, our, their 主性 2 代名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, 反身代词 3 themselves 指示代词 4 this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, whic
18、h, what, whoever, whichever, 疑问代词 5 whatever 关系代词 6 that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ 不定代词 little/ a few/ a little, 7 other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定
19、句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some ma
20、gazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We ea
21、ch have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no: no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of di
22、fficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一
23、个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如: I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none. All o
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