如何写医学论文英文结构式摘要.ppt
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1、如何写医学论文英文结构式摘要,How to write structured medical Abstract,Introduction,摘要,亦称文摘(Abstract或Summary),一般置于论文、科研报告或文摘综述的正文之前,是对整个论文主要内容的概括和总结。它具有独立性与自含性。 独立性- 指读者无需依赖原文就能准确把握摘要所表达的含义。摘要是一种独立的文献类型。 自含性- 指摘要内的名词术语、缩略语、符号、代号符合规范,具有自明性。摘要本身属于一篇完整的短文。,摘要的种类,非结构式摘要(Non-structured Abstract) 结构式摘要(Structured Abstra
2、ct),摘要的内容,(1)指示性摘要(Indicative Abstract) 指示性摘要,亦称通报性文摘,一般只提示论文的要点,不涉及其方法、材料、数据、结果等内容,有的甚至只用1-2个句子。医学文选综述的摘要多为提示性的。这种摘要为非结构式摘要,句中谓语动词常用一般现在时或现在完成时。,例:论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤,本文综述了治疗原发于胃肠道淋巴瘤的主要经验,并就该病的临床、病理及治疗等问题进行了讨论。 Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract An institutional experience with primary gastroi
3、ntestinal Lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.,(2)报道性摘要 (Informative Abstract),报道性摘要,亦称资料性摘要,内容比较具体,一般要列举关键数据,大多医学论文的摘要为报道性摘要。一般包括下述内容: a. 简介(Brief Introduction):介绍研究背景(Background)、目的(Objective/Purpose)或解题性说明(Explanation); b. 研究的过程与结果(Pr
4、ocedure and Result of the Research); c. 结论(Conclusion); d. 对未来的展望(Future Prospects);,Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking,The smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compared with those of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patie
5、nts with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease relat
6、ed to cigarette smoking.,将48例高血压患者与92例非恶性高血压患者作了吸烟习惯的对比研究。初诊时就已吸烟的恶性高血压患者有33例,非恶性患者34例,两者之间有明显差异。即使对男性患者进行比较,或将白人与黑人分别进行比较,这种差异也仍然显著。本研究表明:恶性高血压是一种与吸烟有关的疾病。,医学论文摘要的格式目前主要采用结构式摘要(structured abstract),它是由加拿大Mc Master大学临床流行病学和生物统计学教授Haynes博士于1990年4月首先提出的。 而几乎在同年,美国内科学纪事(Annals of Internal MedicineAnn I
7、ntern Med)在国际上率先应用结构式摘要,随之,世界各国的医学期刊都采用了结构式摘要。,这些结构式摘要有8段式、7段式、6段式、5段式、4段式及3段式等,内容主要包括研究目的、研究设计、研究单位、研究对象或病人、处理方法、检测方法、结果及结论共8项。而在实际应用中,8段式结构式摘要逐渐简化为4段式。我国大多数医学期刊都采用了4段式结构式摘要,即目的、方法、结果和结论。,1)目的(objective):简要说明研究的目的,表明研究的范围、内容和重要性,常常涵盖文章的标题内容。(2)方法(methods):简要说明研究课题的设计思路,使用何种材料和方法,如何对照分组,如何处理数据等。(3)结
8、果(results):简要介绍研究的主要结果和数据,有何新发现,说明其价值及局限。此外,还要给出结果的置信值,统计学显著性检验的确切值。(4)结论(conclusion):简要对以上的研究结果进行分析或讨论,并进行总结,给出符合科学规律的结论。,Abstract,本文主要介绍医学论文英文结构式摘要的四个部分:目的、方法、结果和结论,并探讨其写作内容与方法、时态与语态和常用句型。,为了便于讨论的展开,我们先看摘自一篇被SCI收录的医学论文英文结构式摘要。例一: Objective: To investigate the relationship between the mast cell den
9、sity (MCD) and the context of clinicopathological parameters and expression of p185, estrogen receptor (ER), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in gastric carcinoma.,Methods: Mast cell, p185, ER, and PCNA were detected by using immunohistochemical S-P labeling method. Mast cell was counte
10、d in tissue of gastric carcinoma and regional lymph nodes respectively, and involved lymph nodes (ILN) were examined as usual.,Results: MCD was significantly related to both age and depth of penetration (x2 = 4.688, P 21/0.03mm2 and MCD21/0.03 mm2 in 100 patients. MCD in 1-6 ILN group patients was s
11、ignificantly higher than that in 7-15 ILN or 15 ILN group patients (u=6.881, 8.055, P21/ 0.03 mm2 and MCD21/0.03 mm3 in 100 patients.,Conclusion: Mast cell may have an effect on inhibiting invasive growth of tumor, especially in the aged patients. The number of mast cells, in certain degree, may pre
12、dicate assessment of prognosis. MCD was related to the expression of p185, ER, and PCNA in gastric carcinoma. It suggests that mast cell accumulation may inhibit the proliferation and the dissemination of gastric carcinoma.,这种格式是国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的生物医学期刊投稿统一要求(温哥华格式,1997年第五版)所规定的四层次摘要,包括:目的、方法、结果和结论,并在文字
13、上要求结构式摘要的英文不超过250词(我国编辑标准要求中文摘要为200-300字)。,不同期刊对摘要的长度有不同要求,例如:JAMA(美国医学协会杂志)规定摘要不得超过135词; American Journal of Medical Sciences (美国医学杂志)规定不宜超过200词。,1 结构式摘要的目的部分,1.1 目的部分的写作内容与方法 摘要中目的部分是说明论文要解决的问题。目的的英文称Objective,Purpose或 Aim, 一般用单数形式。单表目的主要用动词不定式短语。如例一中Objective部分只用不定式短语表达。,1.2 目的部分的常用句型,研究/探讨:study
14、/explore/ examine/investigate;确定:decide/determine/ characterize;评价:evaluate/ assess/judge/validate/appraise/estimate/calculate/ appreciate;证实:testify/ verify/prove/test/support/ confirm;阐明/弄清:indicate/ show/demonstrate/ document/illustrate/explain/find out/ elucidate;介绍/报道:report/present/describe;寻找
15、: seek/find/look for/search for;建立:develop/ establish /set out;比较/对比:compare/correlate/associate /contrastwith;区别/识别:identify/differentiate/ discriminate,2 结构式摘要的方法部分,2.1 方法部分的写作内容与方法 论文的材料与方法(Materials and Methods)、对象和方法(Patients / Participants / Subjects and Methods)等在结构式摘要中简称为方法,英文称Methods,常用复数形式
16、。方法部分应具体而真实地陈述研究设计、研究对象、处理与测定方法和统计学分析。方法部分一般用过去时,多用被动语态。有时,叙述方法也可用过去完成时,说明研究前或研究中某一时间之前发生的情况。如例一中Methods部分,句中动词使用过去时被动态。,2.2 方法部分的常用句型,1)研究对象的选择、分组及标准:inclusion/entry criteria consisted of/were(入选的标准是);selection was based on/were selected based on; were selected randomly from;the major criteria for
17、inclusion in the study were; were considered ineligible for;were excluded from the study/ participation/ enrollment were randomized into/were randomly allocated to/were divided randomly into;were divided/grouped/stratified/allocated/ classify- ed/assigned into/to(被分成),2)材料来源:was provided by;was purc
18、hased by(购自);was obtained from;using Osteo Analyzers (Simens - Osteorn, Wahiwas, Hawaii)用骨分析器(由夏威夷西门子奥斯汀公司生产),3)实验动物处置:was bred/fed in;was fasted/starved 12 hours before operation;white rabbits weighing betweenandwere used;was killed by decapitation/cervical dislocation / exsanguinations (被断头/放血/处死)
19、; was anesthetized with,4)借鉴他人实验方法:was isolated by the procedure of; was prepared according to the methods described by; was carried out as previously described; was separated by the technique previously;was done with a modified method of; was determined/measured by/with,5)实验标本制备:samples of were obt
20、ained/ taken from;was fixed with/in; was stained with(用染色 );was embedded in/with(被包埋在); was dehydrated by/in(用脱水);was sectioned at a thickness of(切成薄片);was sliced into 1mm sections(切成1mm厚薄); was cut on a ultramicrotome into(在超薄切片机上切成); was diluted to(被稀释到),6)年龄与性别:在某一年龄,如一个45岁病人:a 45-year-old patien
21、t/a patient aged 45 (years)/a patient at 45 years of age/a patient at the age of 45 years (old);在某一年龄以上或以下:a patient /more than the age of 45 years; older than 45 years; more than 45 years of age; patients aged 453 years; 45 years of age /or older; a patient under/before/below/less than/after the ag
22、e of 45 (years); 45 years of age and under/or less; less than/younger than 45 years;,在某一年龄范围及平均年龄:patients range in age from 45 to 50/have an age range of 45 to 50/with a mean (average) age of 453 years; 性别比例:male-to-female ratio/with female-male ratio of 2:1/rats of both sexes/mixed-bred dogs ratio
23、 of either sex,7)诊断与治疗:was diagnosed as/by/with/ according to/on the basis of; was misdiagnosed as/was mistaken as (for);was suspected as/of having/ to be; treated for;was the treatment of the first choice; was referred/transferred to,3结构式摘要的结果部分,3.1 结果部分的写作内容与方法 结果在摘要中英文称Results,常用复数形式。该部分主要表述研究所获得
24、客观的、与研究结论有关的重要结果。如有可能,应提供具体数据和统计学资料。由于研究实验结果是回顾性陈述,因此,常用一般过去时,使用被动语态较为普遍。如例一中Results部分,句中动词使用过去时。,3.2 结果部分的常用句型,1)结果表明:the results showed/suggested/ indicated/revealed/documented/demonstrated that ; We found that; was/were found to / that 2) 与有关:was in relation to; was correlated/associated/ connect
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