【环境课件】中国水环境污染经济损失核算体系的建立.ppt
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1、中国水环境污染经济损失核算体系的建立 Valuation System of the Economic Cost by Water Pollution in China,於方 中国环境规划院 2004.06.25,Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,2,内容摘要/Outline,引言/Foreword 水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches of water
2、 pollution cost 水污染经济损失计算模型 Valuation model of water pollution cost,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,3,1、引言/Foreword,水环境污染经济损失的定义:水环境污染经济损失是指由于水环境质量下降,影响水服务功能发挥作用,进而导致的经济损失。水环境污染经济损失是污染损失计算的重要组成部分。 Definition: Water pollution cost is the economic loss on daily life an
3、d production caused by water quality decline that will further affect the functions of water resource as production and household input and ecological element .,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,4,1、引言/Foreword,水环境污染趋势:据相关研究,我国水污染造成的经济损失占总污染损失的比例有逐年上升的趋势。 Water polluti
4、on trend:The percentage of water pollution cost to total cost is growing. 污染损失估算研究现状:计算结果差别较大,科学性难以令人满意,实用性较差 Current Research situation: The results differ a lot. The scientific basis behind them is unsatisfactory and their applicability is still in doubt. 计算方法不规范/No standard estimation approach 剂量
5、反应关系不完善/No applicable dose-response functions 计算参数欠标准化/ No unified technical parameters 概念模糊不清/Basic valuation conception is not clear,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,5,1、引言/Foreword,水环境污染损失估算的难点 Estimation difficulties 迄今为止,环境污染损失估算的研究工作大都集中于大气污染损失,而对于水污染的研究较少; Unti
6、l now, more focuses are put on cost by air pollution than that by water pollution; 相关数据信息较难获得,缺乏科学的剂量反应关系; The relevant data is unavailable and the essential dose-response relationships are also in scarcity.,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,6,1、引言/Foreword,由于水环境与人类社会活
7、动之间的影响关系错综复杂,其间有许多难以确定的因素,它的定量计算存在较大难度 Since the relationship between water environment and human activities is so complicated that there exist many uncertainties, the difficulties in valuation are rather considerable.,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,7,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围
8、与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.1 核算范围/ Valuation contents,注:*为本次核算不包括的内容。,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,8,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,说明:1)没有建立起合理的评价水生态环境危害的计算方法;2)由于缺乏农村地区数据的支持,表1中第8项污染终端生活,实际上仅指对城市居民生活的危害。,实际估算范围为水污染对工业、农业、旅游业和城市居
9、民生活造成的损失/The practical valuation contents will involve economic costs on industries, agriculture, tourism and daily life within urban area from water pollution.,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,9,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.2 水环境污染损失的分类 2.2 C
10、lassification of water pollution costs 1)已确认的可测算经济损失:健康、农业 1)Identified and measurable costs: health threats, crops reduction 2)已确认但目前不可测算经济损失 2)Identified and unmeasurable costs 不可测算的原因/reasons for unmeasurablities 缺乏数据/no data 缺乏剂量反应关系/no dose-response functions,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environ
11、mental Planning June.25, 2004,10,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2)已确认但目前不可测算经济损失 2) Identified and unmeasurable costs 尚不可测算的终端危害 unmeasurable end damages 污染型缺水造成的农业减产损失(C2):Crops reduction from water shortage due to water pollution 缺乏数据/no data 渔业、畜牧业损失(A3, AB4):costs on fishery
12、 and livestock husbandry from water pollution 缺乏剂量反应关系/no dose-response relationship,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,11,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,3)未完全确认的不可测算经济损失 3 )Unidentified and unmeasurable costs 水污染对土壤的影响/Negative impact on soil 破坏机理尚
13、不明确/no clear damaging mechanism 水污染对森林、湿地等生态资源功能的影响 Negative impact on ecological resources of forests and wetland etc.,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,12,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,4)水污染事故 Water pollution accidents,注意:确任、未完全确认和可测算、不可测算仅是相对而言
14、 Note: There is no absolute definition between identified and unidentified ones, and between measurable and unmeasurable ones.,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,13,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.3 计算步骤与方法/Valuation steps and approaches 2.3.1 计算步骤
15、/Valuation steps,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,14,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.3.2 单项污染损失的计算方法/Approaches 1)直接市场评价法 /Market Valuation Approach 市场价格法 /Market Price Approach 农业损失、污染事故 疾病成本法 /Cost of Illness Approach 健康危害 人力资本法 /Human Capital
16、Approach 健康危害,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,15,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.3.2 单项污染损失的计算方法/Approaches 1)直接市场评价法 /Market Valuation Approach 恢复费用法/Replacement Cost Approach 建筑物、材料等腐蚀危害 影子工程法 替代水源引起供水成本的增加 机会成本法/Opportunity Cost Approach 污染型缺
17、水对城市居民生活造成的影响,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,16,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.3.2 单项污染损失的计算方法/Approaches 2)揭示偏好法/Revealed Preference Approach 内涵资产定价法/Hedonic Price Method 防护支出费用法/Preventive Expenditure Approach 工业企业、日常生活的额外废水处理费用 旅游费用法 /Trave
18、l Cost Approach 水污染对旅游业的危害,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,17,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.3.2 单项污染损失的计算方法/Approaches 3)陈述偏好法/Preference Statement Approach 支付意愿法/Willingness to Pay 健康风险调查,健康损失 Health risk investigation for health damage 接受赔偿法
19、/Willingness to Accept Compensation,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,18,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.3.3 计算单项污染损失的技术难点/Difficulties 剂量反应关系的缺乏:污染因子复杂 No reasonable dose-exposure functions: Pollutants are too complicated. 缺乏可信的水环境健康风险的经济评价数据 No
20、reliable data to make economic valuation on drinking water risks 水资源价值没有形成定论 No final agreement on water resource value,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,19,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.3.4 总的水污染损失/Total cost of water pollution 单项污染损失的加和/Summar
21、ize all costs 问题:避免重复计算/Avoid double counting 水资源本身具有多功能、可重复利用的特点 Water is of multi-functions and reusable. 水污染具有发散性/Water pollution may lead to a series of damages. 水污染土壤农产品健康,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,20,2、水环境污染损失的核算范围与方法 Valuation contents and approaches,2.4
22、 计算准则/Estimation principle 仅计算有较成熟方法和数据信息支持的危害终端 Only estimate the end damages with the support of developed approaches and sufficient data. 估算结果应有精度范围 Estimation results should be a range value rather than a fixed value. 严格界定核算范围 Specify the definite estimation contents. 努力拓展没有成熟方法支持的研究领域,完善计算模型 Fu
23、rther carry out studies on underdeveloped fields and improve the valuation model.,中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,21,3、水污染经济损失计算模型/Valuation model,3.1 水污染造成的健康经济损失/Health cost 终端危害:生物性污染疾病(甲肝、痢疾等)和重金属以及氰、挥发酚等有毒物质引起的化学性污染疾病(消化和泌尿系统的癌症)造成的死亡率、住院人次、急症人次、门诊人次和工作日损失 End d
24、amages: death rates, hospital visits, emergency visits, outpatient visits and workday loss from biological diseases (hepatitis A, diarrhea ) and chemical disease(urethra and digestive cancers),中国环境规划院 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning June.25, 2004,22,3、水污染经济损失计算模型/Valuation model,水污染评价指标:水
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