翻译理论与非文学文本英文.ppt
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1、Translation Theory and the NON Literary text,Belinda Maia Universidade do Porto,Acknowledgements,This lecture is based to a large extent on: MUNDAY, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications. London and New York: Routledge VENUTI, Lawrence. (Ed.) 2000. The Translation S
2、tudies Reader. London and New York: Routledge. BUT the implications for the NON literary text are my own responsibility,A few general distinctions,Translating v. interpreting Source language/text SL / ST Target language/text - TL / TT Intralingual v. interlingual v. intersemiotic translation Transla
3、tion as language learning Contrastive linguistics Comparative literature,“Translation Studies” self-perception,Many people today think that Translation Studies is mainly: Literary theory Cultural studies And, possibly: Communication studies Stylistics & Genre analysis,Translation Theory - TT perspec
4、tive from Philosophy,Linguistic philosophy - attempts to discover WHAT language means: the ideal language(s) of logic etc. ordinary language philosophy Philosophy of language attempts to find out HOW language means: certain general features of language such as meaning, reference, truth, verification
5、, speech acts and logical necessity Philosophy of linguistics - the study of language through linguistics,TT perspective from Philosophy of Linguistics,Structuralism - language reflects structure of thought, culture and society Transformational-Generative grammar - underlying universal language Func
6、tionalism - Language and its social functions Cognitivism - Language as it reflects our cognitive appraisal of the world, categorization of experience and use of metaphor,TT perspective from Linguistics,Linguists perceive it as related to: Contrastive linguistics Pragmatics Discourse Analysis Stylis
7、tics Once dismissed as useless to TT all of these areas have been re-animated by corpora linguistics,TT perspective from Information Technoclogy,IT specialists are increasingly fascinated by human language and: Machine assisted translation Machine Translation Knowledge Engineering Information Retrie
8、val Artificial Intelligence,TT - the professional perspective,Translator training Interpreter training Translation aids Translation criticism Translation quality Translation policy Professional translation standards,Translation Theories,The objectives of this seminar are: To give a general outline o
9、f translation theories in this century To show how these theories apply to non literary texts To demonstrate that translation practice can benefit from theory,Translation theories,Most TT is: Product-orientated focuses the translation Function-orientated examines the context and purpose of the trans
10、lation Process-orientated analyses the psychology of translation and process But usually has elements of all three,Partial theories of translation,Medium restricted man or machine? Area restricted specific languages/cultures Rank-restricted word/sentence/text Text-type restricted different genres Ti
11、me-restricted historical view Problem-restricted specific problems, e.g equivalence,Problems,Position of Translation Studies in academia Split between theory and practice Translation teachers fear of theory Researchers still encouraged to focus on literature Therefore teacher/researcher faced with d
12、ilemma,Early distinctions,People have been arguing for centuries about literal v. free v. faithful translation word-for-word v. sense-for-sense For example: Cicero, St Jerome, St Augustine, Martin Luther, tienne Dolet, Alexander Tytler, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm v
13、on Humboldt, Arthur Schopenhauer See Robinson (1997/2002),Bible translation,Bassnett (1991: 45-50) - “The history of Bible translation is accordingly a history of western culture in microcosm“. St. Jeromes translation into Latin in 384 A.D. John Wycliffe (1330-84)and the Lollards William Tyndale (14
14、94-1536) burnt at stake Martin Luther New Testament 1522, Old Testament 1534 Try Biblegateway: http:/ Quran,See University of Southern California: http:/www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/ Warning: “Note that any translation of the Quran immediately ceases to be the literal word of Allah, and hence cannot b
15、e equated with the Quran in its original Arabic form. In fact, each of the translations on this site is actually an interpretation which has been translated.“,Science in Translation a historical view,Scott L. Montgomery. 2000. Science in Translation. Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time.
16、 University of Chicago Press. Describes how scientific texts have been translated, adapted, revised and added to down the centuries e.g. Western Astronomy Greek and Arabic Science Japanese Science,Further reading,HERMANS, Theo & Ubaldo Stecconi. 2002. Translators as Hostages to History. From the Eur
17、opean Commissions Theory meets Practice Seminars at: http:/europa.eu.int/comm/translation/theory/lectures/2001_01_18_history.pdf,Linguistic theories of translation,Language Universals v. Linguistic Relativism Science of translation Equivalence Semantic and communicative translation Korrespondenz and
18、 quivalenz Translation shifts Discourse and register analysis,Language Universals v. Linguistic Relativism,Language Universals presuppose that languages and/or our capacity for language are universal and/or innate long history leading to Chomsky and beyond Language Relativism different languages sho
19、w us different ways of viewing the world Sapir-Whorf theory and most translation theory,Science of translation,Nida (1964) Linguistic meaning Referential or denotative meaning Emotive or connotative meaning Hierarchical structuring Componential analysis Semantic structure analysis Formal and dynamic
20、 equivalence Applications to Bible translation,Chomsky and TT From Nida & Taber (1969:33),From Nida (1964: 185-7),From Munday (2001: 50),Equivalence,Roman Jacobson (1959/2000) “Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics Discusses equivalence
21、at level of obligatory grammar and lexicon, for example: gender aspect semantic fields,Equivalence at word level Baker (1992) Chapter 2,Morphology lexical and syntactic Lexical Meaning Propositional v. Expressive meaning Presupposed meaning Evoked meaning dialect geographical, temporal, social Regis
22、ter field/tenor/mode of discourse Semantic fields and lexical sets,Equivalence above word level Baker (1992) Chapter 3,Collocation Collocational range and markedness Collocation and register Collocational meaning Idioms and Fixed Expressions,Grammatical equivalence Baker (1992) Chapter 4,Grammatical
23、 vs. Lexical categories The Diversity of Grammatical Categories: Number Gender Person Tense and Aspect Voice Word Order,Newmark (1981),Semantic / communicative translation at level of: Transmitter/addressee focus Culture Time and origin Relation to ST Use of form of SL Form of TL Appropriateness Cri
24、terion for evaluation,Koller (1976/89) Korrespondenz and quivalenz,Denotative equivalence Connotative equivalence Text-normative equivalence Pragmatic equivalence Formal equivalence,Vinay & Darbelnet (1977/2000) Translation shifts,Direct translation: Borrowing Calque Literal translation Oblique tran
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