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1、12Lite Bytes - Client / Server TechnologiesInside This Issue2Understanding C/S8Marketplace Trends9Impact on our Practice10Futures11Sources of More InfoWritten by Bill Compton - BSC AtlantaLite BytesBSCs Topical Technology White PapersVolume 1 Issue 1 November 1994Understanding and Applying Client /
2、Server TechnologiesClient / Server technology is making a significant impact on the packaged software and custom systems projects with which BSC is involved today, and that this trend will continue for the next 3 - 5 years. It is important that BSC seniors and managers understand the underlying conc
3、epts of this technology and its differences from traditional application architectures.Executive OverviewThe growing maturity of client/server technology is beginning to have significant impact on BSC projects. Our clients are asking us what it means to their business, and we in turn are recommendin
4、g it for both packaged application software and custom developed solutions.Client / Server models and practices are the current state-of-the-art in creating flexible and powerful solutions. As an outgrowth of this new model, organizations can refocus their culture by providing users access to inform
5、ation whenever and wherever they need it, dynamic to their market demands. In doing so, they are no longer depending solely on the traditional “centralized” paradigm in which all of the processing in an application system occurs on a single computer. Instead, the processing is distributed to multipl
6、e computer systems, each of which is designed and optimized to perform a given component of the processing. This creates a scenario in which the server is not the computer, nor is the client. Rather, the combination of all the resources on the network is the “computer”.In a client/server system, the
7、 user interface (UI) processing is most often performed by a client workstation or PC at which the user works. The more sophisticated processing of information, however, is performed by a specialized database or application server connected to multiple clients by a network.In some implementations of
8、 client/server architecture, the application logic (or business rules) in the system may be placed on either the client or the server, depending on the business characteristics of the application. The application logic is often placed on the client workstation for relatively simple applications and
9、prototypes; on-line transaction processing applications usually spread the application logic between the client and the server depending on the functionality of the specific logic and the breadth of data on which it acts.Generally speaking, organizations address client/server in one of two modes - D
10、ownsizing from mainframe or proprietary midrange platforms, or “upsizing” to a new level of systems sophistication. In the downsizing scenario there are some opportunities to reduce expenditures on technology by negotiating between multiple vendors as well as increasing application development effic
11、iency. However, cost savings based on client/server systems usually appear only in the long-term; start-up training and implementation costs usually overshadow initial savings. In “upsizing” projects deploying client/server to implement new, more sophisticated solutions, there are four main benefits
12、:Incremental or Spiral methodologies promote continuous users involvement with multiple usability check points.Client/server development tools provide a significantly more efficacious environment for analysis, design, and implementation teams.Client/server hardware, software, and tool sets have a mu
13、ch lower entry cost structure; and,The architecture allows efficient scalability for the systems from the entry point.Client/Server technology has certainly arrived in todays marketplace. BSC is actively integrating C/S into everything from our core training to client projects. The next challenge is
14、 to make our experiences and best practices available to all BSC professionals to best leverage this technology.Understanding and Applying Client/Server TechnologiesClient / Server has matured into the dominant driving force in new and ongoing computer application development. According to Gartner G
15、roup predictions, 70 percent of all new applications developed through 1995 will make use of some form of C/S technology. By 1998, 60 percent of all existing applications will have been migrated to client/server though either a partial rewrite or total replacement.Some of the larger BSC offices bega
16、n experimenting with developing and implementing C/S based systems as early as 5 years ago. These projects were in the “forefront of technology.” In todays market, however, almost every BSC professional is faced with questions from our clients concerning this technology. Our software selection matri
17、ces are increasingly filled with C/S packages from such vendors as Platinum, Great Plains, Adage, and Oracle. Our systems development projects have moved away from using products such as Lotus 1-2-3, FoxPro, and Paradox to such products as Visual Basic, SQLWindows, PowerBuilder, and SQLServer.This “
18、Lite Byte” provides an overview of client/server technology for the experienced BSC professional who has not been actively exposed to C/S development. It begins with a general and broad definition of client/server and then moves to a description of the architecture which is common to the packaged ap
19、plications and custom development managed by BSC. This architecture will exist as several different models depending on the business characteristics of the application. Finally, the trends in the marketplace which are driving the move to this architecture, as well as their impact and implications on
20、 our business, will be discussed.What is Client/Server?Client/Server architecture is often defined at two different levels: the abstract and the technical. The abstract level describes a cultural shift in the way in which companies view the use of computers and the ownership and access to informatio
21、n. The old culture was dominated by central computer rooms, or “glass houses,” with large legacy mainframe systems. The companys DP department owned the information contained in these systems and provided access to it - usually in the form of printed reports - only at the specific request of users.
22、The new culture is characterized by many interconnected systems existing throughout the organization. The information in these systems is under the stewardship of the users themselves, who may collect it at the source and access it through ad-hoc queries and reports whenever and wherever the informa
23、tion is needed. This represents a democratization of information access - not constrained by the organizations actual structure or reporting hierarchy.The technical level of client/server describes the physical way in which application software is designed. Application software has traditionally bee
24、n designed as a primary process which runs on a single computer - the “monolithic” model. In a client/server environment, the application software is divided into two or more processes, each of which is distributed across separate computers. The Client process is typically responsible for providing
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