英语作文辅导.PPT
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1、English Composition,一、标点符号的用法 三、作文的基本要素-词、句子、段落,句号 Period .,用以表示一个句子的结束: Hockey(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. 用在缩写中: Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China. It is 4:00 p.m. (post meridiem) in New York right now.,标点符号的用法,问号 Question Mark ?,在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句: How many provinces are there
2、 in Canada? 注意:在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号: *The teacher asked the class a question? *Do not ask me why?,叹号 Exclamation Mark !,在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪: We won the Stanley Cup! The forest is on fire!,逗号 Comma ,用于独立成份后,插入语前后及句子中的停顿: Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister. 在直接引语中引出说话人: “I can come to
3、day,“ she said, “but not tomorrow.” 排列三个或以上的名词: Ontario(安大略湖), Quebec, and B.C. (British Columbia加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省) are the three biggest provinces. 引出非限定性定语从句 Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter. 引导主从复合句:,Since you know English, you should translate this paper. Note: 逗号不能连接两个分句,除非和and一起
4、使用: The festival is very popular, and people from all over the world visit each year. 如果有三个或有一个以上的分句相互并列,且只有最后一个分句前面有and或or,在这些分句之间,包括最后两个分句之间,都需要用逗号: Prices fell, interest rates fell, and employment figures rose. 这类句子中的逗号称为连续逗号(serial comma),逗号 Comma ,撇号 Apostrophe ,表示属格: This is Davids computer. T
5、hese are the players things. (things that belong to the player) (Note: 对于复数形式的名词,只加) 缩略形式: I dont know how to fix it.,引号Quotation Marks “,直接引出某人说的话: The prime minister said, “We will win the election.” “I can come today,“ she said, “but not tomorrow.“,冒号Colon :,冒号后面的内容是说明冒号前面的内容,或者是满足所提出的要求,有“如下”或“即
6、”的含义: Ive just had some good news: Ive been offered a job in a law firm. (说明部分是个分句,可以把这个分句看成是前面那个分句中名词短语的同位语。) There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward. 曲棍球: 守门员,后卫,前锋 冒号后面为正式列举事物,相当于for example, eg, namely的用法: Please send the stipulated items: your birth certificate, your p
7、assport, and the correct fee.,分号Semicolon ;,将两个相关的句子连接起来(作用相当于并列连词and): The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year. (=The festival is very popular, and people from all over the world visit each year.),破折号Dash ,前后留空格 破折号后面的句子是对之前句子的总结: Mild, wet, and cloudy these are
8、 the characteristics of weather in Qingdao. 放在句子中间加入额外的注释: The children Pierre, Laura, and Ashley went to the store. Most Canadians but not all voted in the last election. 表示某人在说话过程中被打断 The woman said, “I want to ask “ when the earthquake began to shake the room.,连字符Hyphen -,前后不空格 连接两个单词 sweet-smell
9、ing fire-resistant 连接前缀 anti-war non-smoker 在数字中使用 one-quarter twenty-three,back,文章的基本要素 词、句子和段落 一、选词 二、造句 三、组段,标准:意义清晰,形象生动,语法正确,符合表达习惯。下面我们分析句子中用词不当的例子: A. When he was at school, he won first reward for good behavior. 句中用reward(酬劳)词不达意,应该为prize(奖励,奖金)。 B. It would be carrying a risk to let the chi
10、ld go to school by himself. carrying应改为running,因为run a risk(冒险)是固定搭配。,选词,注意词的正确用法: *The factory discharged so much waste water that needed to be dealt with. The factory discharged so much waste water that needed to be disposed of. 比较: There are so many problems to deal with. We have to dispose of th
11、is pile of old papers and magazines. 我们得把这堆旧报纸和杂志处理掉。,选词,back,造句,三个条件: 完整性 连贯性 清晰度,造句,1. 完整性(unity),即意思的完整性和结构的完整性。 (1)意思的完整性是指一个句子应该表达一个完整的意思。请看下面的句子: 意思不完整:Bikes are so popular in China. 修改后:Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one. (2)结构的完整性指句子在结构方面没有缺损。请看句子:,造句,A.
12、残缺句: It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness. 修改后:It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness. B. 残缺句: I think the film is poor. Even though so many people enjoy it. 修改后:I think the film is poor, even though so many people enjoy i
13、t.,造句,为了使句子保持完整性,还必须避免: A. Run-on Sentence(串句): 特点:串句是指误将两个串在一起的句子当成一个句子,有的用逗号隔开,有的的什么标点符号都没有使用。 He does not speak too rapidly, his voice is loud, it can be heard by everyone in the classroom. 修改后: He does not speak too rapidly and his voice is so loud that it can be heard by everyone in the classro
14、om.,造句,B. 融洽句: It was raining hard, they could not work in the field. 修改后: It was raining hard, so they could not work in the field. As It was raining hard, they could not work in the field. It was raining hard; they could not work in the field. It was raining hard. They could not work in the field.
15、 It was raining so hard that they could not work in the field.,back,造句,2. 连贯性(coherence)即句子之间的连贯和句子各部分之间的连贯。 结构不平行: (误) I wrote to him, but my letter was not answered. (正) I wrote to him, but he didnt answer my letter. (误) Our new car not only is more economical but also it is more comfortable than
16、our old one. (正) Our new car is not only more economical but also more comfortable than our old one.,造句,动词的不定式、分词、动名词的逻辑主语不一致: 例1: To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed. 修改后:To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent. 例2:On squeezing onto the
17、 bus, my wallet was lost. 修改后: On squeezing onto the bus, I lost my wallet.,代词所指的意思模棱两可: She told my sister that she is wrong. 修改后: She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister.,造句,造句,修饰语位置不对: (误) I have interesting something to tell you. (正)I have something interesting to tell you. (误)I
18、 nearly earned a hundred dollars last week. (正)I earned nearly a hundred dollars last week.,造句,有关主谓一致的错误: (误) The Chinese girl together with her two American friends are eating at restaurant. (正) The Chinese girl together with her two American friends is eating at restaurant. (误) To fight and to win
19、 was their aims. (正) To fight and to win were their aims.,back,造句,3. 清晰度(clarity):突出句子的主要意思;正确运用修饰语;注意修饰语的位置;正确使用标点符号。 主要意思不突出:They were just turning the corner, when they heard the noise of a shot. 修改后:Just as they were turning the corner, they heard the noise of a shot. 注意:句子要表达的主要信息应放在复合句的主句中,bac
20、k,组段,一、段落和段落的组成 二、过渡词 (transitional words),二、段落和段落的组成,(一) 段落的写作步骤 (二) 段落扩展,(一)段落的写作步骤,首先要思考这一段落的中心思想,用一个完整的句子表达出来 (主题句) , 然后收集能够证明和解释这个中心思想的细节和例子。最后按逻辑顺序组织安排好这些材料,这样就有了一个段落的粗略草案。 四级作文一般都是说明文或议论文,其段落最常见的框架模式如流程所示 :,Topic Sentence (主题句) Supporting Sentence (主要扩展句1) Supporting Sentence (次要扩展句1) Support
21、ing Sentence (次要扩展句2) Supporting Sentence (主要扩展句2) Supporting Sentence (次要扩展句1) Supporting Sentence(次要扩展句2) Concluding Sentence(结尾句),例如,Wherever one lives in the city or in the country, there are some good reasons for owing a car (topic sentence ). First, cars provide the most convenient form of tra
22、nsportation ( development sentence1). Second, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in the winter time (development sentence2).,例如,Finally, a driver is usually safe in his car when he is out at night ( development sentence3). Therefore, many people favor owning a car (concluding sentence)
23、.,Back,段落的组成 主题句 ( topic sentence ) 扩展句 ( development sentence ) 结论句 ( concluding sentence ),(二)段落扩展,主题句,主题句就是提出段落主题,它是一个段落的中心,要求全段其他所有的文字都围绕它展开。它指出了这段内容的主导思想。主题句既可以用在段落的开始或中间, 也可以用在段落的末尾,尽量放置于一个段落的开始, 这既有助于组织材料, 也可以使文章结构清楚。写好段落的主题句是写好作文的关键。,1一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的中心思想, 把该段落的内容限定在文章的中心内容之内。 例如: pollution是
24、一个比较大的题目,一篇100多字的短文根本不可能容纳它的全部内容,但是,通过各个段落的主题句把内容限定在一定的范围之内,各段的主题句都是该段落的第一句。我们不难看出,文中三个段落的主题句都紧扣文章的标题,并很好地限定了段落的内容。例文:,pollution 污染对人类有害 为防止污染,近年来采取了一些措施。 然而,污染问题尚未完全解决。 Pollution is harmful to human beings. Polluted water causes many kinds of diseases even take mans life. Dirty air and poisonous ga
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