French Revolution --Liberal Phase法国革命——liberal相.ppt
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1、The French Revolution “Bourgeois“ Phase: 1789-1792,By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY,It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity - Charles Dickens A Tale
2、of Two Cities,The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793,Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI,Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children,Marie Antoinettes “Peasant Cottage”,Marie Antoinettes “Peasant Cottage”,Let Them Eat Cake!,Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! “Madame Deficit” “The Austrian Whore”,Crane Brintons Anatom
3、y of a Revolution,He borrowed his terms from pathology. Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease: The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.” It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.” The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks. A period
4、of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.,Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs,People from all social classes are discontented. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy o
5、r the govt. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes. The social classes closest to one another are the m
6、ost hostile.,Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs,The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates. The government does not respond to the needs of its society. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the
7、 opposition groups. The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.,Socio-Economic Data, 1789,The French Urban Poor,Urban Commoners Budget: Food 80%
8、 Rent 25% Tithe 10% Taxes 35% Clothing 20% TOTAL 170%,Kings Budget: Interest 50% Army 25% Versailles 25% Coronation 10% Loans 25% Admin. 25% TOTAL 160%,Financial Problems in France, 1789,French Budget, 1774,Where is the tax money?,Lettres de Cachet,The French king could warrant imprisonment or death
9、 in a signed letter under his seal.,A carte-blanche warrant.,Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV!,Eliminated in 1790.,Ancien Regime Map, 1789,Commoners 3rd Estate,Aristocracy 2nd Estate,Clergy 1st Estate,The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates,1,1,1,Louis XIV insisted
10、that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.,Commoners 3rd Estate,Aristocracy 2nd Estate,Clergy 1st Estate,The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head!,300,300,648,Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes,1st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2nd What has i
11、t been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3rd What does it demand? To become something therein!,Abb Sieys 1748-1836,Convening the Estates General May, 1789,Last time it was called into session was 1614!,“The Third Estate Awakens”,The commoners finally presented their credentials not as dele
12、gates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”,They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.,“The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David,June 20, 1789,Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution,Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789,A rumor that the king was plan
13、ning a military coup against the National Assembly.,18 died. 73 wounded. 7 guards killed. It held 7 prisoners 5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen.,Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to Take,Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end. Unsuccessful government
14、attempts to suppress revolutionaries. Revolutionaries gain power and seem united. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve. The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes.,Crane Brinton: The Course that
15、Revolutions Seem to Take,Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control. A strong man emerges and assumes great power. The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth” by introducing their whole program and by punishing all of their
16、opponents. A period of terror extreme violence occurs. Moderate groups regain power. THE REVOLUTION IS OVER!,The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789),Rumors that the feudal aristocracy the aristos were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.,The Path of the “Great Fea
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