CIE-113-1995.pdf
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1、CIE 113 95 9006345 0005159 T93 m ISBN 3 900 734 56 9 COM M ISS I ON I NTERN AT10 NALE DE L C LAI RAG E INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMM ISSION MAINTAIN ED NIG HT-TIME VISIBILITY OF RETROREFLECTIVE ROAD SIGNS CIE 113-?995 U DC: 612.843.7 Descriptor: Visual perc
2、eption, visibility 628.947.22 Reflectors, signalling devices COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 133 95 B 9006345 00053bO 703 This Technical Repor
3、t has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-20 of Division 4 Lighting and Signalling for Transport and has been approved by the Board of Adminstration o f the Commission Internationale de IEclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the s
4、pecific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS should be consulted regarding possible sub
5、sequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 4-20 de la Division 4 Eclairage et signalisation pour les transports et a t approuv par le Bureau dAdministration de la Commission Internationale de IEclairage, pour tude et application. Le document traite des connaissance
6、s courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indiqu de la lumire et de lclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membres de la CIE et autres groupements intresss. II faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Pourconnaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les p
7、lus rcents comptes rendus de la CIE ou le CIE NEWS. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE-Technischen Komitee 4-20 der Division 4 Beleuchtung und Signale fur den Verkehr ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Intemationale de IEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeit
8、igen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Veiwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte o
9、der das CIE NEWS sollten im Hinblick auf m8gliche sptere hderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensiv
10、e. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous tes documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung durch die CIE. Obgleich
11、 groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. O CIE 1995 II COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Ill
12、umination Licensed by Information Handling Services C I E 113 95 900b145 00051h1 b4T CIE 113-1995 The following members of Technical Committee 4-20 (Night-time Visibility of Retroreflective Road Signs) took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The Committee comes under CIE Division 4 (L
13、ighting and Signalling for Transport). W. Adrian M. Bernhard M. Colomb P. Dibbern R. W. Holmes F. Gennaoui S. E. Jenkins N. L. Johnson K. Rumar H. J. Schmidt-Clausen D. A. Schreuder R. N. Schwab G. Schreiber A. M. Serres H. Terstiege H. L. Woltman (Chairman) Canada Switzerland France Germany United
14、Kingdom Australia Australia United States of America Sweden Germany Netherlands United States of America Germany France Germany United States of America 111 COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination
15、 Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE 133 95 W 9006145 0005362 58b W CIE 113-1995 Maintained Night-time Visibility of Retroreflective Road Signs Table of Contents I. Introduction 1.1 Terminology 2. Sign luminance and retroreflectivity 2.1 Factors affecting retroreflective sign luminance 2.1
16、 .I 2.1.2 Geometric factors 2.1.2.1 Entrance angle 2.1.2.2 Observation angle Sign luminance replacement factors 2.2 Ideal conditions 2.3 Sign factors 2.3. i 2.3.2 Sign colour 2.3.3 Fog, dew, and rain 2.3.4 Dirt 2.3.5 Weathering 2.3.5.1 Weathering performance, Australia 2.3.5.2 Weathering performance
17、, United States 2.3.5.3 Laboratory weathering tests 2.3.5.4 Outdoor test deck weathering 2.3.6 Sign criticalitylfunctionality factors Retroreflective signing material types 2.4 Roadway factors 2.4. I Roadway curvature 2.4.2 Roadway width 2.4.3 Sign position 2.4.4 Small signs 2.4.5 Last look distance
18、 2.4.6 Surround 2.4.7 Headlamp glare 2.5.1 Headlamp beam pattern 2.5.2 Headlamp beam usage 2.5.3 Headlamp quality 2.5.4 Windshield absorption 2.5 Vehicle factors 2.6 Driver factors 2.6. I Visual acuity I V Page 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 9 9 9 10 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18
19、 COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination Licensed by Information Handling Services CIE IL3 95 E 90061115 0005163 412 E CIE 113-1995 2.6.2 Driver age and visual status i 8 2.6.3 Driver experience a
20、nd expectation 20 3. Developing minimum visibility criteria 21 3.1 Minimum required sign luminance and retroreflectivity 21 3.1 .I Determination of sign luminance 21 3.1.2 Summary of studies of minimum sign luminance 21 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 Terminal values of road signs Review of sign legibility studies
21、21 22 27 31 3.2 Allowances for degraded conditions 32 3.3 Sign visibility policies and implementation 32 3.3. I Existing policies 32 3.3.2 Implementation 32 3.1.2.3 Minimum required visibility, USA 3.1 -2.4 Evaluation of visibility distance, France 3.3.3 Future policy 33 4. Field evaluation of retro
22、reflective sign performance 34 4.1 Subjective evaluation techniques 34 4.2 Portable instruments 34 4.3 Mobile instrumentation 34 4.3.1 Luminance instruments 34 4.3.2 Retroreflectance instruments 35 4.4 Evaluation of colour 35 5. Maintaining system-wide visibility 37 5. I Collection of sign inventory
23、 data 37 5.2 Software o f inventory data 37 6. Recommendations 39 6.1 Inspection o f signs 39 6.1.1 Night-time inspection steps 39 6. I .2 Daytime inspection steps 39 7. Appendices 44 7.1 Determination of sign luminance from retroreflectance 44 7.1 .I Example calculation of sign luminance 45 4.5 Sig
24、n dating 36 6.2 Minimum photometric performance for replacement of retroreflective road signs 40 7.1.2 Direct measurement 50 7.2 Determination of retroreflectance from luminance 50 7.2.1 Correlational estimate 51 7.3 Headlamp output tables 51 8. References 54 COPYRIGHT International Commission on Il
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