METAL BUILDING SYSTEMS:YESTERDAY AND TODAY.pdf
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1、CHAPTER 1 METAL BUILDING SYSTEMS: YESTERDAY AND TODAY 1.1THE ORIGINS 1.1.1Whats in a Name? Some readers may not be clear on the exact subject of our discussion. Indeed, even a few design pro- fessionals tend to be confused by the term metal building system. “Are we talking about a structural steel b
2、uilding? Just what kind of a building is it? Is it a modular building? Or prefabricated? Or maybe pan- elized? Is it the same as a pre-engineered building?”you might hear a lot. Though all of these terms involve some sort of structure designed and partially assembled in the shop by its manufacturer,
3、 they refer to quite different concepts. Before proceeding further, the distinctions need to be sorted out. Modular buildings consist of three-dimensional plant-produced segments that are shipped to a site for erection and final assembly by a field contractor. One of the most popular materials for m
4、odular buildings is wood, and such factory-produced units are common in housing construction. Another common application involves precast concrete formed into modular stackable prison cells that are completely prewired and prefinished. These modules are composed of four walls and a ceiling that also
5、 serves as a floor for the unit above. Modular steel systems, consisting of three- dimensional column and joist modules bolted together in the field, were marketed in the 1960s and 1970s, with limited success. Modern metal building systems, however, cannot be called modular. Panelized systems includ
6、e two-dimensional building components such as wall, floor, and roof sections, produced at the factory and field-assembled. In addition to the “traditional” precast con- crete, modern exterior wall panels can be made of such materials as metals, brick, stone, and com- posite assemblies known as EIFS
7、(Exterior Insulation and Finish System). While the exterior “skins” of metal buildings generally employ panels, the term panelized does not capture the essence of metal building systems and should not be used to describe them. Prefabricated buildings are made and substantially assembled at the facto
8、ry. While the metal building industry has its roots in prefabricated buildings, this type today includes mostly small struc- tures transported to the site in one piece, such as toll booths, kiosks, and household sheds. Modern metal buildings are not prefabricated in that sense. As we shall see, the
9、changes in terminology parallel the evolution of the industry itself. 1.1.2The First Metal Buildings The first building with an iron frame was the Ditherington Flax Mill constructed in Shrewsbury, England, in 1796.1Cast-iron columns were substituted for the usual timber in a calico mill con- structe
10、d in nearby Derby 3 years earlier. These experiments with iron were prompted by frequent devastating fires in British cotton mills of the time. Once the fire-resistive properties of metal in buildings had been demonstrated, wrought-iron and cast-iron structural components gradually became commonplac
11、e. 1 In the middle of the nineteenth century, experimentation with rolling of iron beams finally cul- minated in construction of the Cooper Union Building in New York City, the first building to utilize hot-rolled steel beams. In 1889, Rand McNally Building in Chicago became the first skyscraper wit
12、h all-steel framing.2 Prefabricated metal buildings first appeared at about the same time. As early as the mid-nineteenth century, “portable iron houses” were marketed by Peter Naylor, a New York metal-roofing contractor, to satisfy housing needs of the 1848 California Gold Rush fortune seekers; at
13、least several hundred of those structures were sold. A typical iron house measured 15 by 20 ft and, according to the adver- tisements, could be put together in less than a day by a single man. Naylors ads claimed that his struc- tures were cheaper than wood houses, fireproof, and more comfortable th
14、an tents.1Eventually, of course, Californias timber industry got established and Naylors invention lost its market. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, prefabricated metal components were mostly used for garages. Founded in 1901, Butler Manufacturing Company developed its first prefab
15、ricated build- ing in 1909 to provide garage space for the ubiquitous Model T. That curved-top building used wood framing covered with corrugated metal sheets. To improve fire resistance of its buildings, the compa- ny eventually switched to all-metal structures framed with corrugated curved steel s
16、heets. The arch- like design, inspired by cylindrical grain bins, influenced many other prefabricated metal buildings.3 In 1917, the Austin Company of Cleveland, Ohio, began marketing 10 standard designs of a fac- tory building that could be chosen from a catalog. The framing for these early metal b
17、uildings con- sisted of steel columns and roof trusses which had been designed and detailed beforehand. The Austin buildings were true forebears of what later became known as pre-engineered construction, a new concept that allowed for material shipment several weeks earlier, because no design time n
18、eeded to be spent after the sale. Austin sold its buildings through a newly established network of district sales offices.4 In the early 1920s, Liberty Steel Products Company of Chicago offered a prefabricated factory building that could be quickly erected. The LIBCO ad pictured the building and boa
19、sted: “10 men put up that building in 20 hours. Just ordinary help, and the only tools needed were monkey wrenches.”1 By that time, steel was an established competitor of other building materials. The first edition of Standard Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Stee
20、l for Buildings was published by the newly formed American Institute of Steel Construction in 1923. Several metal-building companies were formed in the 1920s and 1930s to satisfy the needs of the oil industry by making buildings for equipment storage; some of these companies also produced farm build
21、ings. For example, Star Building Systems was formed in 1927 to meet the needs of oil drillers in the Oklahoma oil boom. Those early metal buildings were rather small8 by 10 ft or 12 by 14 ft in planand were framed with trusses spanning between trussed columns. The wall panels, typically 8 by 12 ft i
22、n size and spanning vertically, were made of corrugated galvanized sheet sec- tions bounded by riveted steel angles. 1.1.3The War Years and After During World War II, larger versions of those metal buildings were used as aircraft hangars. Their columns were made of laced angles, perhaps of 6 by 4 by
23、 3?8in in section, and roof structure con- sisted of bowstring trusses. Military manuals were typically used for design criteria. These buildings, unlike their predecessors, relied on intermediate girts for siding support. The best-known prefabricated building during World War II was the Quonset hut
24、, which became a household word. Quonset huts were mass-produced by the hundreds of thousands to meet a need for inexpensive and standardized shelter (Fig. 1.1). Requiring no special skills, these structures were assembled with only hand tools, andwith no greater effortcould be readily dismantled, m
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