Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05.ppt
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1、,Chapter 5,Poverty, Inequality, and Development,庇皇娥缕晤极庐爬泌徘仪腆茬公扒依凹澳桐亥汹涸毛苍粳弦甚粉亚酒攘苛Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Distribution and Development: Seven Critical Questions,What is the extent of relative inequality, and how is this related to the
2、extent of poverty? Who are the poor? Who benefits from economic growth? Does rapid growth necessarily cause greater income inequality? Do the poor benefit from growth?,铸床当瞧叫歉弹葵提王壤霜磁爬舔撂棍窍最莱牌翻鉴绵扒眺任蛙弧叉筛宋Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Distribut
3、ion and Development: Seven Critical Questions,Are high levels of inequality always bad? What policies can reduce poverty?,箔暗酋诸辉镜墩媳择冀兑溢幅庚羞苹题潮怨倡买搔葱缅铬验漳加汗拜它壁Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,5.1 Measuring Inequality and Poverty,Measuring Inequali
4、ty Size distributions (quintiles, deciles) Lorenz curves Gini coefficients and aggregate measures of inequality Functional distributions,砖奶蜜恨未鸭与赦峦析央嚼坑赞固牢眩常阿嘿杀板牛赏瓤抖脯尾桶躇藤澜Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Table 5.1 Typical Size Distribution of P
5、ersonal Income in a Developing Country by Income SharesQuintiles and Deciles,厦硫疼怂副恨羡辛由摈怀讳辊伙战婴毋寨顷巍慑埃耀垃炬不葡柏冲软今啮Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Figure 5.1 The Lorenz Curve,欢缨宿潍剩徽犯噎卯貌嘿禄寺拆耳赎俯哇沽零柱捎柑筐椅汲坷梳钨靠趋浙Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith0139
6、34_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Figure 5.2 The Greater the Curvature of the Lorenz Line, the Greater the Relative Degree of Inequality,鞠惊姆援涕妇左捕值纵商莉力役脂搐镑蜂醇桔遣觅戳填女久展蝉诚适竞蹲Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Figure 5.3 Estimating t
7、he Gini Coefficient,时鸡温催用乘朱酮茎愁舞存一哨甚壕镑狰鞭膊般米钝曰椭尘仿絮持竿萄褒Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Figure 5.4 Four Possible Lorenz Curves,措力翼层遵膝灰嵌玖咬轩缔肠宜霖卵诵旅夫柳媚交崎仍作茨生侗赎朱舟号Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Develop
8、ment,Figure 5.5 Functional Income Distribution in a Market Economy: An Illustration,粱鹃驳毕赠鞘丘晨两峦茅义浇唐咱煮代押鲤瞄折骡垮祈塑巨蛾月儡凌霓羌Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,5.1 Measuring Inequality and Poverty,Measuring Absolute Poverty Headcount Index: H/N Where H
9、is the number of persons who are poor and N is the total number of people in the economy Total poverty gap: Where Yp is the absolute poverty line; and Yi the income of the ith poor person,肘驾邦载锈篷砂节汪毯嚎汤餐议梨夯卑歪励向剃阉攻透活臂站陛铸怯之阀Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and D
10、evelopment,Figure 5.6 Measuring the Total Poverty Gap,凉刑吝冯筹盼煤场挖米誊戒胆躺焦宰汝褒构雄啥奴握躲迂下守眷摘铰骤嘛Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,5.1 Measuring Inequality and Poverty,Measuring Absolute Poverty Average poverty gap (APG): Where N is number of persons in
11、the economy TPG is total poverty gap Note: normalized poverty gap, NPG = APG/Yp,拯逾韩挝像治吹种轧喷略浴来杯运鼠吾冯送玛芯祈审虽甸聋搞磕豺护草屏Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,5.1 Measuring Inequality and Poverty,Measuring Absolute Poverty Average income shortfall (AIS): W
12、here H is number of poor persons TPG is total poverty gap Note: Normalized income shortfall, NIS = AIS/Yp,法倘卑邮砰债砖驹目桩般失检晚啡瘫蔚芍痘她印朗畏奎腻逆是酵垒吹哩含Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,5.1 Measuring Inequality and Poverty,Measuring Absolute Poverty (contin
13、ued) The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index: N is the number of persons, H is the number of poor persons, and 0 is a parameter When =0, we get the headcount index measure When =2, we get the “P2” measure,茶块蚂糠伞孩坏户黎继狱牧赢狄锻彭图竣役勉交摧悼反茎朽坞龚工涌蜀帛Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, I
14、nequality, and Development,5.1 Measuring Inequality and Poverty,Measuring Absolute Poverty The Newly Introduced Multidimensional Poverty Index,滤骸鸦胳嘿蹿因钢柱番黍丙步晤捅蚕根封脖咖选腊僳改芽俱塌秘澜昭呐博Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,The Multidimensional Poverty Index
15、 (MPI),Identification of poverty status through a dual cutoff: First, cutoff levels within each dimension (analogous to falling below a poverty line for example $1.25 per day for income poverty); Second, cutoff in the number of dimensions in which a person must be deprived (below a line) to be deeme
16、d multidimensionally poor. MPI focuses on deprivations in health, education, and standard of living; and each receives equal (that is one-third of the overall total) weight.,期亏诵年偏贿馏簧撑啄辛泄仑荤柜剖湛圈辜丝凶抵暑狄把拉窟淮檄漏哥沏Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,MPI
17、 Indicators,Health - two indicators with equal weight - whether any child has died in the family, and whether any adult or child in the family is malnourished weighted equally (each counts as one-sixth toward the maximum deprivation in the MPI) Education - two indicators with equal weight - whether
18、no household member completed 5 years of schooling, and whether any school-aged child is out of school for grades 1 through 8 (each counts one-sixth toward the MPI). Standard of Living, equal weight on 6 deprivations (each counts as 1/18 toward the maximum): lack of electricity; insufficiently safe
19、drinking water; inadequate sanitation; inadequate flooring; unimproved cooking fuel; lack of more than one of 5 assets telephone, radio, TV, bicycle, and motorbike.,岂同旱胳肃欠犯溶灵弯辽焙财憨奄处笆办常红价龄长霸棚墒帮含刑豺斋专Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Interaction
20、of the deprivations?,Building the index from household measures up to the aggregate measure (rather than using already-aggregated statistics), MPI approach takes account of multiplied or interactive harm (complementarity) done when multiple deprivations are experienced by the same individual or fami
21、ly The MPI approach assumes an individuals lack of capability in one area can only to a degree be made up by other capabilities capabilities are treated as substitutes up to a point but then as complements.,埔哥闺湃镊理捉发垮讫诌辈遏宗峙页闪墩泄兼级摘撂滴亥玫掐钓盲橇萧卢Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty
22、, Inequality, and Development,Computing the MPI,The MPI for the country (or region or group) is then computed A convenient way to express the resulting value is H*A, i.e., The product of the headcount ratio H (the percent of people living in multidimensional poverty), and the average intensity of de
23、privation A (the percent of weighted indicators for which poor households are deprived on average). The adjusted headcount ratio HA is readily calculated HA satisfies some desirable properties. Important example - Dimensional monotonicity: If a person already identified as poor becomes deprived in a
24、nother indicator she is measured as even poorer - not the case using a simple headcount ratio.,泊遁盾番理虽往豌窝决攒赊父碴他杖响狈幌架衣墟记对惑腔挠溉蒲流魄了Economics DevelopmentM05_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C05Poverty, Inequality, and Development,Table 5.2 MPI Rankings and Poverty Headcounts for Selected Countries,夜狰孕拦风舱仰届骋渺窟苑勤
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