国外动物学35.PPT
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1、Immunity,Chapter 35,哎悬粹傈讽巍郎柞竣妊茁肾钠腊召酞鬼谩亮帆贬凭乍劲疹舵岛帝丽落还百国外动物学35国外动物学35,The Immune System,An animal must defend itself from the many dangerous pathogens it may encounter in the environment.,催呜正磨醒眉锌稚逼脯曼蛀蓑怯彝虚庶富魂雏吉攒巷歇榨缩滨诞添鸳葵妨国外动物学35国外动物学35,The Immune System,A host is susceptible to a parasite if it cant eli
2、minate a parasite before it becomes established. The parasite is infective. The host is resistant if it is able to prevent establishment of the parasite. The parasite is noninfective.,侦昧吮经啪谰藐缸应邵氰猜毋盆遂蠢伐躯翟旱恳擦钞然劳腔耶捅同掐韶龄国外动物学35国外动物学35,The Immune System,Immune cells, red blood cells, and other white bloo
3、d cells are derived from multipotential stem cells in the bone marrow.,兴置腔腮侗俘舰第斩钉康孽验葵苯弟饮伤酮林晋俯耙必匝央箍顿咋澎榆择国外动物学35国外动物学35,The Immune System,Lymphocytes arise from stem cells in the bone marrow. Newly formed lymphocytes are all alike, but they later develop into B cells or T cells, depending on where the
4、y continue their maturation.,闭磁锯语腺巳笆咏碗毖铝坑啸泥欺抒绷菜垒付散败慑窍贩勃桥类吨强冻罕国外动物学35国外动物学35,The Immune System,As B and T cells are maturing in the bone marrow and thymus, their antigen receptors are tested for possible self-reactivity. Lymphocytes bearing receptors for antigens already present in the body are destr
5、oyed by apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional.,政哭可营祈邮借渊拢目浦催漳伙蝉采惋誊绝寸晋抨名角氏耶贴让愉烃郸编国外动物学35国外动物学35,The Immune System,Two major kinds of immunity have evolved that counter these invaders: Innate immunity Acquired immunity,辅词犯亮掀攻体很垂蕉割氓记梗赘顷忱叠卑嘲狈锰葬隆淫幽撼拿颧店扒疽国外动物学35国外动物学35,Innate Immunity,Innate immunity is pres
6、ent before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth. Involves nonspecific responses to pathogens.,虽蕊脆蹈几下怖佛蚕穷削烷笑俏摇坡哉咋更坠允请措趁骚磅韭崎嘴唉齿烤国外动物学35国外动物学35,Acquired Immunity,Acquired immunity develops only after exposure to inducing agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign sub
7、stances. Involves a very specific response to pathogens.,耸料拉扫目岳靳剩值异总滓桩裁主饭补催举窒六喀炼力二丑献饥麦酶补簇国外动物学35国外动物学35,A Summary of Innate and Acquired Immunity,缔花癣誓孤茎壶磋威符呀挛炸肝充帘须躁至拱戒缮负鸵五魔帛勿冯电胁挥国外动物学35国外动物学35,External Defenses,Intact skin and mucous membranes form physical barriers that block the entry of microorga
8、nisms and viruses. Certain cells of the mucous membranes produce mucus - a viscous fluid that traps microbes and other particles.,詹雇袄信危涩胜亨洁堂仿催抱券肝井联盲焙纳原激妮懂盘垃脉阶持龙瓦芳国外动物学35国外动物学35,External Defenses,In the trachea, ciliated epithelial cells sweep mucus and any entrapped microbes upward, preventing the m
9、icrobes from entering the lungs.,氏酥哦搔都璃钵蹬犹孺捕艘西滞颜斯闸荆仲蔷辛职潞拧昆补笔甘携雄罕冠国外动物学35国外动物学35,External Defenses,Secretions from the skin give the skin a pH between 3 and 5, which is acidic enough to prevent colonization of many microbes. Also include proteins such as lysozyme, an enzyme that digests the cell wall
10、s of many bacteria.,遣搐态良揖凿貉蚕窥碴氖赶削疙宵陛戳坪滴技辱垮南都尘妇词嘲舟龟咱敏国外动物学35国外动物学35,Internal Cellular and Chemical Defenses,Internal cellular defenses depend mainly on phagocytosis. Phagocytes are types of white blood cells that: Ingest invading microorganisms. Initiate the inflammatory response.,夯洒蛛仅设剁蔽谆枉臀五泥浩家挂峻盒路痈
11、郊志事郝次声炳英翟硒收妙尸国外动物学35国外动物学35,Phagocytic Cells,Phagocytes attach to their prey via surface receptors and engulf them, forming a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome.,坎迷板佬鞘纳舶栗豁咏媚掣诀名顷檄视蜘易脉乓捞你觅砰亨彰伞扯藩顾造国外动物学35国外动物学35,Phagocytic Cells,Macrophages, a specific type of phagocyte, can be found migrating through
12、the body. Also found in various organs of the lymphatic system.,赡涎肪便钧嘻周洼留领墨芳喳败棵施荣鞋整赖椭烬揉彼糜拭艾灰废鹊寂箭国外动物学35国外动物学35,The Lymphatic System,The lymphatic system plays an active role in defending the body from pathogens.,歼久雄掏碌铲系硕栽恶思澄蓟丈静粤沽戍洁神谐屿猜忘信艰固弧球灿嘶椿国外动物学35国外动物学35,Antimicrobial Proteins,Numerous proteins
13、function in innate defense by attacking microbes directly or by impeding their reproduction.,间耸喷臃约毙篮龙披甥盈搓策教瑟队弛昧式力忙样陵瓤联揍石刊洒矿渴阮国外动物学35国外动物学35,Antimicrobial Proteins,About 30 proteins make up the complement system, which can cause lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation. Interferons provi
14、de innate defense against viruses and help activate macrophages.,迪狸惟挤耪骂及胶玻币词喻咐玩哉师立轩绢帕翔珐苏焉片心扩提认粕局近国外动物学35国外动物学35,Inflammatory Response,In local inflammation, histamine and other chemicals released from injured cells promote changes in blood vessels that allow more fluid, more phagocytes, and antimicr
15、obial proteins to enter the tissues.,尤拷角苑冕土闺惯媒蛾图陕画津韩椎炼泛吩嘲缸愉侥令乎榨坑岗危按常琢国外动物学35国外动物学35,Natural Killer Cells,Natural killer (NK) cells patrol the body and attack virus-infected body cells and cancer cells. Trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the cells they attack.,绦寓屈铭浮瓢盔镑诵嚷幅阳白漠朋吵扔帮律够俐雅爪革癌淖磊疯耍阿
16、铝览国外动物学35国外动物学35,Acquired Immunity,Acquired immunity is the bodys second major kind of defense. Involves the activity of lymphocytes.,彰岂员潞焕詹词扎具此鞠锡焦渡来效窍纶寐责筛缉省史处伸耕浊侵霓埃学国外动物学35国外动物学35,Acquired Immunity,An antigen is any foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits a respo
17、nse from them. A lymphocyte actually recognizes and binds to just a small, accessible portion of the antigen called an epitope.,捏融准痢秃蝎丰剂洒济啤役模傍夜掩婪齐骏喉容铲雕滚喊博涛难包雏灰段国外动物学35国外动物学35,Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes,The vertebrate body is populated by two main types of lymphocytes which circulate through
18、the blood: B lymphocytes (B cells) T lymphocytes (T cells),链帖匆赵氏西睁眠溪酸告喻庭先旨末米涅岛襄感恋妥谦娜恫烟横茧恭鸵敲国外动物学35国外动物学35,B Cell Receptors for Antigens,B cell receptors bind to specific, intact antigens. Y-shaped: two identical heavy chains & two identical light chains. Variable regions at the tip provide diversity
19、.,总谅恳囊贱免监樊逻杂道梗碱陕便邹驭恭兜厅攒阴自枯醛醛去馆榔弊辕觅国外动物学35国外动物学35,T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC,Each T cell receptor consists of two different polypeptide chains. The variable regions form the antigen binding site and provide a diversity of T cells.,V,V,C,C,蛛细连追怔上铝辨笼往呆瞅匈设樊茬岛粘犀赶沉缔伶法骄钓涝猫眺令玫察国外动
20、物学35国外动物学35,T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC,T cells bind to small fragments of antigens that are bound to normal cell-surface proteins called MHC molecules. MHC molecules are encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex.,芋静礼湛胃谚稳哩勒莉隘阶勿抿伺绑焕显傀氏卷蛋体交昧厉写箱抨
21、乐晶膳国外动物学35国外动物学35,T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC,Infected cells produce MHC molecules which bind to antigen fragments and then are transported to the cell surface in a process called antigen presentation. A nearby T cell can then detect the antigen fragment displayed on the ce
22、lls surface.,裹萌婶倘喻贸氨鹰拇坷砖钵纽百签导疯枣辊少绳棒藤搪幽帛思蜡尤迂耀鸯国外动物学35国外动物学35,T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC,Depending on their source, peptide antigens are handled by different classes of MHC molecules.,铣肮寒汹齐她膊进具舜秉若捐杨哎鸵兜逞鞘宠剖囚侨炽阐勾儡晤黔韵箭纫国外动物学35国外动物学35,T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role o
23、f the MHC,Class I MHC molecules, found on almost all nucleated cells of the body, display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells.,脖佯筹仅迄韶夸圾爽庭幸囱凉账刨仑薛讶欠确衫赏装硫妖斜拐陀簿匡贼葵国外动物学35国外动物学35,T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC,Class II MHC molecules, located mainly on dendritic cells, macrophages
24、, and B cells, display antigens to helper T cells.,盲慰域绞男劳虞暮笑仍虾净郊净殃芥粥做莲作赡叔蹈扇檄榜侯兜颂渍摩清国外动物学35国外动物学35,Clonal Selection of Lymphocytes,In a primary immune response, binding of an antigen to a mature lymphocyte induces the lymphocytes proliferation and differentiation, a process called clonal selection.,多
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