Chapter3-4语言学.ppt
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1、Chapter Three Morphology,3.1 Morphology It refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Chairman chair man Sunflower sun flower Boys boy -s International inter- nation -al Checking check -ing,1. variable Verb (V); Adjective (A); Preposition (P); 2.
2、 minor lexical category Determiner (Det 限定词); Degree word (Deg); Qualifier (Qual 修饰词) ; Auxiliary (Aux); Conjunction (Con).,Three Criteria,These three criteria is helpful in identifying the syntactic categories of words 1. meaning Noun (words that denote human beings and objects, Jack, Mary VS. book
3、, pen) Verb (designate actions, sensations, states: kill, cut VS. smell, taste, hear VS. live, love, hate ) 2. inflection (affixes: plural -s, past tense -ed, progressive -ing, comparative -er, superlative -est ) 3. distribution (what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word) ex: nouns and
4、determiners (a boy); verbs and auxiliary (should come); adjectives and degree words (very good).,4.2.2 phrase categories and their structure,Phrase: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases. The category of one phrase is determined by the words category around
5、 which the phrase is built. A noun word, a noun phrase; a verb, a verb phrase; ,The phrase level emerges from the word level,Most common categories: NP (noun phrase), VP (verb phrase), AP (adjective phrase), PP (prepositional phrase) phrase level word level the pretty girl NP N often dream VP V very
6、 kind AP A mainly about PP P,Structure of multi-word phrase,Head(中心成分), specifier(标志成分), complement(补充成分) head: the word around which the phrase is formed. specifier: the word on the left side of the heads complement: the word on the right side of the heads,4.3 Phrase Structure Rule,Phrase structure
7、 rule: the special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase. “ ” means “consists of” or “branches into” NP (Det) N (PP) VP (Qual) V (NP) AP (Deg) A (PP) PP (Deg) P (NP) Mean: An NP can consist of a determiner, an N head, and a PP complement A VP
8、,4.3.1 XP rule,To replace the head (N, V, A, P) with X. XP (NP, VP, AP, PP) XP Specifier X (the head) Complement XP rule (Specifier) X (Complement),4.3.2 x- Theory,There is an intermediate level, which are formed by the head and complement between word level and phrase level, it is represented by th
9、e symbol of x-. (X bar rule) XP x- Specifier X Complement,To replace the XP rule by another two-phrase structure rules,A. XP (Specifier) x- B. x- X (complement),4.3.3 coordination rule,Coordinate structure: some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of
10、a conjunction such as and, or Four important properties: a. no limit on the number b. at any level c. of the same type (已存在的) d. identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined. (欲添加的),coordination rule,X X *Con X X stands for: “a category at any structure level”, either an X or an XP
11、. Asterisk (*) stands for: “ more categories can occur to the left of the Con”,4.4 phrase elements,1 Specifiers(标志成分)(L) 2 Complements(补充成分)(R) 3 Modifiers(修饰成分)(L/R),4.4.1 Specifiers,Specifiers:mark a phrase boundary. In English, specifiers occur at the left boundary of their respective phrases. Th
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