中国和全球肿瘤发病率和死亡率解析【专业材料】.ppt
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1、最新肿瘤发病率和死亡率解析,中国 intermediate in South America, the Caribbean, and Northern Africa; and low in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.,22,专业知识,The factors that contribute to the international variation in incidence rates largely stem from differences in reproductive and hormonal factors and the availability of
2、 early detection services.,23,专业知识,Reproductive factors that increase risk,1,2,3,4,5,long menstrual history,oral contraceptives,late age at first birth,nulliparity,recent use of postmenopausal hormone therapy,24,专业知识,How to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer?,Maintaining a healthy body weig
3、ht Increasing physical activity Minimizing alcohol intake Early detection strategies include the promotion of awareness of early signs and symptoms and screening by clinical breast examination,25,专业知识,Selected Cancers Colorectal Cancer,2,26,专业知识,Colorectal cancer is the 3rd most commonly diagnosed c
4、ancer in males and the 2nd in females, with over 1.2 million new cancer cases and 608,700 deaths estimated to have occurred in 2008.,27,专业知识,The highest incidence rates are found in Australia and New Zealand, Europe, and North America, whereas the lowest rates are found in Africa and South-Central A
5、sia. Rates are substantially higher in males than in females.,28,专业知识,Trends Risk Factors,Rates continue to increase in countries with limited resources and health infrastructure, particularly in Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia,While decreasing in several Western countries, particularly in United St
6、ates, Canada, and Australia,Smoking Physical inactivity Overweight/Obesity Red and processed meat consumption Excessive alcohol consumption Population-based colorectal screening programs*,* According to a recent randomized trial in the United Kingdom, a one-time flexible sigmoidoscopy screening betw
7、een 55 and 64 years of age reduced colorectal cancer incidence by 33% and mortality by 43%.,29,专业知识,Selected Cancers Lung Cancer,3,30,专业知识,Lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed canceras well as the leading cause of cancer death in males in 2008 globally. Among females, it was the 4th most comm
8、only diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death. Lung cancer accounts for 13% (1.6 million) of the total cases and 18% (1.4 million) of the deaths in 2008.,31,专业知识,In males, the highest lung cancer incidence rates are in Eastern and Southern Europe, North America, and Eastern Asia, w
9、hile rates are low in sub-Saharan Africa. In females, the highest lung cancer incidence rates are found in North America, Northern Europe, and Australia/New Zealand.,32,专业知识,Smoking accounts for 80% of the worldwide lung cancer burden in males and at least 50% of the burden in females.,33,专业知识,Male
10、lung cancer death rates are decreasing in most Western countries, including many European countries, North America, and Australia, where the tobacco epidemic peaked by the middle of the last century. In contrast, lung cancer rates are increasing in countries such as China and several other countries
11、 in Asia and Africa, where the epidemic has been established more recently and smoking prevalence continues to either increase or show signs of stability.,34,专业知识,by applying proven tobacco control interventions that include raising the price of cigarettes* and other tobacco products, banning smokin
12、g in public places, the restriction of advertising of tobacco products, counter advertising, and treating tobacco dependence.,avoid the burden of lung cancer,Best strategy,* a 10% increase in cigarette prices has been shown to reduce cigarette consumption by 3% to 5%.,35,专业知识,Selected Cancers Prosta
13、te Cancer,4,36,专业知识,Prostate cancer is the 2nd most frequently diagnosed cancer and the 6th leading cause of cancer death in males, accounting for 14% (903,500) of the total new cancer cases and 6% (258,400) of the total cancer deaths in males in 2008。,37,专业知识,Incidence rates vary by more than 25-fo
14、ld worldwide largely because of the wide utilization of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Death rates for prostate cancer have been decreasing in many developed countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy in part because of the improved treatment with
15、curative intent.,38,专业知识,the only well-established risk factors,Older age,Race (black),Family history,there are no established preventable risk factors for prostate cancer.,39,专业知识,Selected Cancers Stomach Cancer,5,40,专业知识,A total of 989,600 new stomach cancer cases and 738,000 deaths are estimated
16、to have occurred in 2008, accounting for 8% of the total cases and 10% of total deaths . Over 70% of new cases and deaths occur in developing countries. Generally, stomach cancer rates are about twice as high in males as in females.,41,专业知识,The highest incidence rates are in Eastern Asia, Eastern Eu
17、rope, and South America and the lowest rates are in North America and most parts of Africa. Regional variations in part reflect differences in dietary patterns, particularly in European countries, and the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection.,42,专业知识,1,2,3,4,the increased use and availability
18、 of refrigeration including the increased availability of fresh fruits and vegetables, and a decreased reliance on salted and preserved foods.,Rates have decreased due to(western countries):,reductions in chronic H. pylori infection in most parts of the world.,reductions in smoking in some parts of
19、the developed world.,In Japan, mortality rates may have declined via the introduction of screening using photofluorography.,43,专业知识,Selected Cancers Liver Cancer,6,44,专业知识,Liver cancer in men is the 5th most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide but the 2nd most frequent cause of cancer death. In wo
20、men, it is the 7th most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 6th leading cause of cancer death. An estimated 748,300 new liver cancer cases and 695,900 cancer deaths occurred worldwide in 2008.,45,专业知识,Half of these cases and deaths were estimated to occur in China. Globally, rates are more than twice
21、as high in males as in females.,46,专业知识,Risk factors accounting for liver cancer,1,2,3,4,5,chronic HBV/HCV infection,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,obesity,alcohol-related cirrhosis,aflatoxin B1 (AFB) exposure,47,专业知识,Liver cancer incidence rates are increasing in many parts of the world including
22、 the United States and Central Europe, possibly due to the obesity epidemic and the rise in HCV infection through continued transmission by injection drug users. In contrast to the trend in the low-risk areas, rates decreased in some historically high-risk areas, possibly due to the HBV vaccine. Uni
23、versal infant hepatitis vaccination programs in Taiwan reduced liver cancer incidence rates by about two-thirds in children and young adults.,48,专业知识,introduced the HBV vaccine into their national infant immunization schedules(Fig. 10). Preventive strategies against HCV, include screening of donors
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