从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用.docx
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1、从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用AbstractTheword“euphemism”comesfromtheGreek,裰eu-means“go厘od”,andpheme-,“speech”o璜r“saying”,an千dtogetheritmeansliterall赔y“tospeakwit僬hgoodwordsor骂inapleasantm哿anner”.Euphe谚mism,asacult烦uralphenomen嵫onaswellasalinguisticcon喈cept,hasattractedpeople盯sattentionfo茹ralongtime.Ithaslongbeen禹at
2、opicofmuch几interest.Generallyspeaki尿ng,peoplewou溆ldusemoreeup藓hemismsincommunicatingwi屎ththeopposit缡esex;womenwo骶uldusemoreth轩anmenwould;o剡lderpeoplewo栳uldusemoreth酽anyoungergenerations.Peo浑plewouldmoreuseeuphemism蔼sinpowerre澜lationsthani镐ncloserelations.Peoplewithhighereduc胼ationwouldus鲴emoreeuphem
3、i叮sms.Theabove契factors:age,sex,socialstatus,educati椿on,etc.donot炙workseparately.Incommuni迮cating,theya蟾reinterlaced阝witheachothe轷randguideour脱choiceofeuphemisms.Whethertouseeuphe稂mismsortaboo荃wordsalsodep祟ends,toalarg舣eextent,onth过eattitudesof棼participants酢(particularl瘦yspeakers)an芾dthepurposeo蠲fcon
4、versatio贮ns.Thearticleconsistsof轩sixparts.Par憬toneexplains靼whatthemeani嘻ngofeuphemis扌mis.Parttwoi松ssayingtheCo昧operativePri跌ncipleinbriefly.Cooperat谖ivePrinciple蓼,thecornerst馍onetheoryofp杈ragmatics,is泌oneofthemain冫principlesth各atguidepeopl痊escommunica闾tion.TheCooperativePrinc女ipleanditsma捱ximscanexp
5、la箔inwhatthelit芯eralmeaningisanditsreali淼ntentioninco境mmunicationa络ndensurethatinanexchange犷ofconversati篑on.Partthree跞presents,the悦formationeup儡hemism,namely,formalinno骜vation,seman檄ticinnovatio栎n,rhetoricaldevices,andg男rammaticalwa订ys.Partfourd策iscussesthec撇ommunicative儿functionofeu镁phemismissub闸st
6、itution,po绁liteness,disguise,defens珐e,etc.Partfi碚veservesasth钏emainbodyoft首hisarticle.G胱enerallyspea宾king,euphemi肿smsviolateth翮eQuality,Qua困ntityandMann人erMaximofthe魃CPduetodiffe励rentreasonsl塥ikesubstitut恺ion,disguiseetc.Andbasicallyeuphemis榭msobservetheRelationMaxi箩m.Fromtheana浓lysis,itcanb瘐ealsofo
7、undthatsometimesa锫neuphemismca美nberegardeda磙sviolationof酩twomaximsoft脾heCPatthesam应etime.Partsi嗌xconcludesthewholearticl倘e.KeyWordsCooperative调Principle;Eu轩phemism;Comm丛unicativefun惹ction【摘要】委婉嘻语(euphemism)缥一词起源于希腊语。Eu意蛮思是“好的”,pheme七意思是“话语”,因此字面射上的意思是说好听的话或用礼貌的方式说话。委婉语是敷一个语言学概念,同时也是釜一种文化现象,长久以来一直受到人
8、们的关注。总体上沏讲人们在与异性进行言语交净际时,要比在同性面前更多地使用委婉语,女性要比男肟性更多地使用委婉语,年长棕的人要比年青的人更多地使簌用委婉语。人们在“权势关炝系”的语境中往往要比在“亲密关系”的语境中更多地扒使用委婉语。受教育程度越轵高的人,越注意自己的言谈,因而更多地使用委婉语。滚上述因素年龄、性别、社会坨地位、教育等并不孤立存在伞,在交际中,他们交织在一起决定着委婉语的使用。是否使用委婉语还要考虑说话郯者的态度和交谈的目的。文章由六个部分组成。第一部颞分解释了什么是委婉语。第去二部分简单列出合作原则的馗各项原则。它作为语用学的理论基石之一,是指导人们失语言交际的原则之一。它可
9、撵以很好地解释话语的字面意楫义和实际意义的关系,这对办于交际委婉语显得尤为重要忾。第三部分说明委婉语的构蹲成可以有很多种方式:形式变化,语义变化,修辞手段涮和语法手段。第四部分阐述茔了交际委婉语出于替代、掩戗饰、和礼貌等功能。第五部尴分是文章的主体,并说明委乍婉语出于替代、掩饰、和礼貌等原因主要违反了合作原悦则中的质、量和方式三个次谧则,基本上是遵循了合作原鲽则中的相关原则。第六部分姚总结全文。【关键字】合忱作原则;委婉语;交际功能1.Introducti跛onIntheOxfordAdvancedL髦earnersEnglishChineseD唰ictionarythe桕explanatio
10、no躅fEuphemismis吖(exampleoft鲶he)useofplea库sant,mildorindirectwords莆orphrasesinp欢laceofmoreac奴curateordire尻ctones1.A缶ndintheLongm瞳anDictionary物ofContempora歧ryEnglishthe昵explanationo桃fEuphemismis椁(anexampleo许f)theuseofa颀pleasanter,lessdirectnam荦eforsomethin缫gthoughttobe莆unpleasant嵯2.Forexampl肽e,themanw
11、how旋antstoustoca垢llhima“sanit缰ationengineer”insteadofa“garbageman”礴ishopingwewi霈lltreathimwi篇thmorerespec厄tthanweprese梅ntlydo.Th拉ewordeuphemismcomesfro啶mtheGreekeum铈eaninggoodandphememean患ingspeecho跞rsaying,an梅dthusmeansliterallytospeakwithgoodw毁ordsorinapleasantmanner驹3.Euphemi湓smshavevariousreason
12、sfor呵existence.Th缰eyconcealthe疒thingspeople椎fearthemost侗death,thedea脚d,thesuperna劓tural.Theyco碡verupthefactsoflifeofse嫫xandreproductionandexcre裥tionwhichin悌evitablyremi奏ndeventhemos宫trefinedpeop嶷lethattheyar陡emadeofclay,馇orworse.They邶arebelovedbyindividualsa赙ndinstitutio付ns(governmen宰ts,especially)t
13、hatareanx鼽ioustopresentonlythehand鼓somestpossibleimagesofth僧emselvestoth谛eworld.Andth翎eyareimbedde禅dsodeeplyino栾urlanguageth洱atfewofus,ev谖enthosewhopridethemselve湖sonbEingplai稿nspoken,evergetthroughad淄aywithoutusi忄ngthem.Butso煌mepeoplestil喈lmistakethee谱uphemismsint郢heconversati拼onbytheCoope坼rativepr
14、inci茺ple.Violatin操gtheCP,peopl檎ealsocancontinuetheconve纹rsationwithe塑uphemisms,wh镘ichmaketheauthorinterest格inattitudeso仳fparticipantsandthepurpo飓seofconversa洌tion.Thatiso篝urbodytoday.ofeuphemisms撖FormalinnovationToavo痔idtheemergen垴ceofcertainl虾etterorsoundmayachieveth谀eeffectofeup马hemizing.Theformal
15、innova埘tioncanhidea痃udio-visuall庑ythosewordsw眉edontwantto暗sayorweshoul纹dntsaysoast镥oachievebett粗eroutcomeinc庠ommunication医.Abbreviat肘ionistheshorteningofawor莓dandmaybesee苞nintheuseoft巨heBritishexp蟋ressionLADIE蓖Sforladiesr挟oom.Thereals溉oisGENTSforg银entlemensro框om.ApocopationApocopationisanotherformof
16、abbre索viationapparentintheuseofvampforvamp夔ireheremeani忪ngaseductive是woman.Andlav岍isforlavator尊y;homoisforhomosexual;co熵caisforcocai闷ne;braisforb峪rassiere.In死itialingInitialingisth受euseofacrony降msinsteadofthEIrcomponen饰tpartsasinJ氵Cfor“JesusCh鳖rist”,BMforb民owelmovement俅4,forwat瘐ercloset,forbodyodor,
17、forvenerealdise篥ase,AIDSfora溥cquiredimmun诟edeficiencys境yndrome,SARS苊forsevereacu嘉terespirator桁ysyndrome5箴.Backformi舁ngBackformingisthesubs声titutionforonepartofspee窭ch(usedinshortenedform)f扭oranother,as崤inburgle(ro匆b)whichisder必ivedfrombur鞭glar6.ReduplicationReduplicationistherepet喊itionofasyll掠ableo
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19、erm锥derivedfromt火hefactthatth誓isobjectgoesunderthebed瞰8.Dimin枇utiveAdimi蒋nutiveisthef讥ormationofan盆ewtermbynick异ingorshorten弑inganameanda耱ddingasuffix衡indicatingaf胄fectionorsma珂llness.Heinie,forexample,isthedimin殍utiveofhind阈endandrefer嶂stothebuttoc慵ks9.Semanticinnovati圬onBorrowingMostobviousl媳y,eup
20、hemisms代maybeformedbyborrowingwordsfromother楗languageste噗rmsthatarele榷ssfreightedw杵ithnegativeassociations.照Thus,weuseGr耆eekandLatinexpressionsfo考rmanybodilyp潸artsandfunct玎ions.Wehavec入oinedhalitos拿is(badbreath佤)fromtheLati恫n(halitus)fo蚪r“breath”andwehavesubsti田tutedmicturi氡tionforthemorevulgarIndo矿
21、-European“Pi碟ss”.Inaddition,Englisheuphemismsalsoborrowedalotofscientific茯oracademicte坐rms,whichare爸believedtobe够moreeuphemis熵ticandobjectivethantheus缒ualterms,suc滞hasmagneticf啖or“sexy”andperspirefor“s翠weat”andsoon第.WideningE释uphemismsmay窃bemadebyasem柙anticprocess旰calledwideni儒ng.Whenaspec颔ifictermb
22、eco肃mestoopainfulorvivid,wem嵘oveupintheladderofabstra督ction.Inthis壤way,cancerbe溉comesgrowthandagirdlebecomesafoundat蟆ion.Sometime掂s,inaddition轴towideningwe坦dividethenegativeconnota艮tionsofasing莨ledirectterm陬betweentwoor抠morewords.Insteadofsayin扔g“syphilis”o袋penly,wespeakofasocialdi苈sease.Seman据ticsh
23、iftAll撑iedtothephen湘omenonofwideningisthatof汆semanticshift.Thisisthesubstitutiono夷fthewhole,or积asimilargene蜈rality,forth窳especificpartwedonotchoo迷setodiscuss.薅Wemaycreates鸸uchmetonymies(substituti营onsofthewhol处eforthepart)涑asrearendfor“buttocks”.S辞ometimes,asi西ntheexpressi篆onstosleepw蹙ith/gotobedwit
24、hsomeone散10,weusewordsnamingthel笾argereventinplaceofmorep炷reciserefere谔ncestothesex濉ualrelationsthatareparto恒ftheprocess.狎Rhetoricald鲥evicesMetap桃horEuphemis鹅msmaybemadeb鸸yaprocesscal簖ledmetaphori鳏caltransfer,鼬thecompariso遗nofthingsofo搬nekindtothin睛gsofanother.酡Theeuphemism彡schosenareof狼tenromantici
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