考博阅读理解.docx
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1、v1.0可编辑可修改Text1The most noticeabletrendamong todaysmedia companies is verticalintegration( 垂直统一管理) , an attempt(尝试 ) to control several related aspects(方面 ) of themedia business at once, each part helping the other. Besides publishing magazinesand books,Time Warner, forexample, owns HomeBox Office(
2、HBO), Warner movie studios( 摄影棚 ),variouscableTV systems throughoutthe USA, and CNNas well.The Japanesecompany MatsushitaOwns MCA. RecordsandUniversalStudiosandmanufacturesbroadcast production equipment.Todescribethe financialstatus(财务状态 )of today s media is alsoto talkaboutacquisitions(获 得 ).Themed
3、iaarebuyingandsellingeachotherinunprecedented(空前的 ) numbers and forming media groups to position themselves inthe market place to maintain and increase their profits(利润 ). In 1986, the firsttime a broadcast network had been sold, two networks were sold that year ABC andNBC.Mediaacquisitionshave skyr
4、ocketed(猛增 ) since1980 fortwo reasons.The firstisthatmost big corporationstoday are publiclytradedcompanies,which means thattheirstockis tradedon one of the nation s stockexchanges ( 股票交易 ).This makesacquisitions relatively easy.Amedia company thatwants to buy a publiclyowned company can buy thatcom
5、panysstock when the stock becomes available(有用的 ). The open availabilities of stockin these companies means that anybody with enough moneycan invest in the Americanmedia Indus tries, which is exactly how Rupert Murdoch joined the media business.The second reason for the increase in media alliances(联
6、合 ) is that beginningin 1980, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gradually deregulated (解除管制 ) the broadcast media. Before 1980, for example, the FCC allowed one companyto own only five TV stations, five AM radio stations, and five FM radio stations;companies also were requiredto hold onto
7、a stationforthreeyears beforethe station11v1.0可编辑可修改could be sold.The post-1980FCCeliminatedthe three-yearruleand raisedthe numberof broadcast holdings allowed for one owner. This trend (倾向;趋势) of mediaacquisitionsiscontinuingthroughoutthe 1990s,aschangingtechnologyexpands themarket for media produc
8、ts.1. Which of the following is true of the mediaA. They used to sell and buy each other in great numbers.B. They are trading each other in greater numbers today.C. They used to be controlled by two networks ABC and NBC.D. They have stopped the trend of acquisitions in the 1990s.2. According to the
9、passage, what makes acquisitions easier A. The changing technology employed by the media.B. The medias increasing profits in the marketplace.C. The ever tougher regulations of the FCC on the media since 1980. D. The availabilities of the medias stocks on stock exchanges.3. What is the FCCs new polic
10、y regarding mediaalliancesB. It doesnt allow companies to sell their stocks publiclyC. It permits one company to own more media businesses at the same time.D. It has eliminated all post 1980 companies.4. The issue of media ownership is important because _. A. it affects the amount of money the stock
11、holders will makeB. it decides whether we can have different aspects of the media C. it concerns the channels through which to express opinionsD. it means that more and more people will hold onto only a few stations.Text222v1.0可编辑可修改Several analogies have been used to explain human memory, the const
12、ruct usedtoaccount forthe way experiencesat one pointintimeinfluencebehaviorat a laterpoint in time. Plato (425-348BC), for example, suggested memory was analogous totheimpressionof messages on wax writingtablets.ForPlato,writingon thetabletrepresented learning something new, the tablet itself was t
13、he memory store, andreadingthe tabletslaterwas analogoustotryingto recallthestoredinformation.Like the writing on a wax surface, with the passing of time, memories became lessclear.Unfortunately,Plato sanalogymissesan importantcharacteristicofmemory,namely that it is selective. By way of contrast, o
14、ne always has access to theinformation on the tablet, unless all or part of it is destroyed.Another analogyis ofmemory and a hologram.A hologramisa devicewhichstoresa three dimensional record of a scene using photography with a laser light. Evenifpartof theholographicplate ismissing, itispossibletor
15、econstructtheimagewiththepartsof theplatethatremain.Experiencesorknowledgecan also be recalledusing incomplete memories. Other analogies involve artificial methods of storinginformation, too. The comparison of the mind to a computer is attractive becauseit emphasizes the ability of human memory to r
16、ecall information quickly, but thesame objections stated above with regard to Platos hypothesis apply here.Gregg (1975) has compared memory to the functioning of a tape recorder. Thelatterrecordssound waves, coded as magneticpatternson tape,and storethem overtime.The informationrecordedcan be decode
17、d,withoutdestroyingthe tape,forlateruse. Gregg points out, however,thatthe analogyis too simple.Humanmemory isfarmore sophisticatedthan theworkings of a tape recorder. It does not simply record passing events passively,for instance; unlike the machine, it is dynamic, capable of selecting whichinform
18、ation it will store, and of arranging the storage system in more than justa simple linear fashion.33v1.0可编辑可修改Blakemore (1977)has notedthatthe discoveryofDNA, the moleculethatcarriesgenetic information, has provided scientists with another source of analogy todescribe memory. Thisanalogy proposestha
19、teach experienceresultsinthe synthesisof specificchemical moleculesin thebrainand theformationofnew molecules.Thesesynthesizedmoleculesrepresentmemories.This descriptionofmemory wouldprovideboth the physical substrata (the synthesized molecule) and the nature of the code(the specific shape of the mo
20、lecule).However attractivea givenanalogymay appear,itis importanttorecognizethelimited function of analogies in science in general. As used in science, they aregenerally substitutes for understanding, models that guide research, not genuineexplanationsof phenomena. They areusefulif theyprovokeinvest
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